Department of Microelectronics
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science

prof.dr. P.J. French

Professor
Bioelectronics (BE), Department of Microelectronics

Expertise: Biomedical devices, sensor technology

Themes: Health and Wellbeing

Biography

Paddy French received his B.Sc. in mathematics and M.Sc. in electronics from Southampton University, UK, in 1981 and 1982, respectively. In 1986 he obtained his Ph.D., also from Southampton University, which was a study of the piezoresistive effect in polysilicon. After 18 months as a post doc at Delft University, The Netherlands, he moved to Japan in 1988. For 3 years he worked on sensors for automotives at the Central Engineering Laboratories of Nissan Motor Company. He returned to Delft University in May 1991 and became a staff member of the Laboratory for Electronic Instrumentation in 1994 In 1999 he was awarded the Antoni van Leeuwenhoek chair and in June 2002 he became head of the Electronic Instrumentation Laboratory. He was Editor-in-chief of Sensors and Actuators A and General Editor of Sensors and Actuators A&B from 2002 to 2018. In 2019 he moved to the Bioelectronics Laboratory. He is an IEEE Fellow and a Fellow of the IAAM. His research interests are integrated sensor systems, micromachining, in particular for medical and environmental applications.

EE4C11 Systems engineering

Introduction to systems engineering processes

ET4127 Themes in biomedical electronics

BioMEMS, biosensors, bioelectronics, ultrasound, microfluidics, wavefield imaging in monitoring, diagnosis and treatment

ET4257 Sensors and actuators

TM12001 Advanced Signal Acquisition

Instrumentation for technical medicine

Education history

EE3380TU Transduction effects

(not running) This course focuses on the interaction between different signal domains. These include effects such as thermo-electric effects, batteries and many more. For each domain, the physics behind the interaction will be discussed. The course will also include a practical to illustrate these interactions.

  1. Ferrocene-decorated graphene nanosheets built by edge-to-face π-π interaction for room temperature ppb-level NO sensing
    Lulu Zhang; Yixun Gao; Yancong Feng; Zhijian Mai; Jianqiang Wang; Yanwei Chang; Fengnan Wang; Hao Li; Peerasak Paoprasert; Yi-Kuen Lee; Paddy J. French; Ahmad M Umar Siddiqui; Gofu Zhou; Yao Wang;
    Talanta,
    2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2024.127365
    Keywords: ... Nitric oxide Gas sensor Ferrocene Graphene π-π interaction Supramolecular assembly.

    Abstract: ... The development of materials toward ppb-level nitric oxide (NO) sensing at room temperature remains in high demand for the monitoring of respiratory inflammatory diseases. In order to find an iron-containing molecule without steric hindrance to combine with graphene for room temperature NO gas sensing, here a supramolecular assembly of ferrocene (Fc) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was designed and prepared for NO sensing. The assembly of Fc/rGO was characterized using FT-IR, TEM, and XPS measurements. The Fc/rGO-based sensors exhibited superior NO sensing properties at room temperature including high response (Ra/Rg = 1.73, 1 ppm), high selectivity against other exhaled gases, reliable repeatability and stability (less than 4 % decrease after 40 days). A practical limit of detection (LOD) of 200 ppb was achieved. The theoretical simulation demonstrates that ferrocene is assembled via π-π interaction with rGO in edge-to-face configuration which provides relatively lower energy than face-to-face configuration does for the whole assembly. It was first verified that the enhanced adsorption capacity and the charge transfer between NO and Fc/rGO would result in improvement of the assembly's sensitivity toward NO after ferrocene was assembled with graphene. This work provides a fresh approach of anchoring iron on graphene for gas sensing via supramolecular methods.

  2. Practical ppb-Level Room Temperature Chemiresistive Nitric Oxide Sensing Assembly Based on Ultrathin Thick Porphyrin MOF Nanosheets
    Zijing Fu; Yanwei Chang; Zhuo Chen; Huiming Xie; Yancong Feng; Fengnan Wang; Yao Wang; Hao Li; Yixun Gao; Tao Ren; Patrick J French; Ahmad Mohammad Umar Siddiqui; Guofu Zhou;
    Small,
    Issue 2411264, 2025. DOI: DOI: 10.1002/smll.202411264
    Abstract: ... Nitric oxide is an endogenous biological signaling molecule, and the corresponding fractional exhaled NO serves as an important indicator in clinical diagnostics and therapeutic applications. However, achieving accurate and rapid monitoring of ppb-level fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) at room temperature remains a significant challenge. Herein, ultrathin porphyrin metal–organic framework (MOF) sheets are selected to assemble with supramolecularly functionalized graphene sheets through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction with 6 nm thickness. The resulting porphyrin MOF/graphene sheet-on-sheet nanohybrid is designed as a chemiresistive NO sensor which exhibits superior gas sensing performance at room temperature including an ultralow practical limit of detection (Ra /Rg = 1.047, 5 ppb NO), reliable repeatability, excellent selectivity against other exhaled gases, and relative long-term stability. Mechanism study indicates that the prominent NO sensing performance is attributed to the ordered framework of active sites of ferric-pyrrole (Fe─N4 ) sites and less than 10 nm thick sheet-on-sheet heterojunction structure in the nanohybrid. The potential clinical utility of the obtained sensors is validated by exhalation tests toward exhalation samples from healthy individuals and asthma patients, respectively. This work provides an effective strategy of developing MOF-based room temperature ppb-level chemiresistive NO sensors for practical FeNO monitoring.

  3. Practical ppb-Level Room Temperature Chemiresistive Nitric Oxide Sensing Assembly Based on Ultrathin Thick Porphyrin MOF Nanosheets
    Zijing Fu; Yanwei Chang; Zhuo Chen; Huiming Xie; Yancong Feng; Fengnan Wang; Yao Wang; Hao Li; Yixun Gao; Tao Ren; Patrick J French; Ahmad Mohammad Umar Siddiqui; Guofu Zhou;
    Small,
    Issue 2411264, 2025. DOI: DOI: 10.1002/smll.202411264
    Abstract: ... Nitric oxide is an endogenous biological signaling molecule, and the corresponding fractional exhaled NO serves as an important indicator in clinical diagnostics and therapeutic applications. However, achieving accurate and rapid monitoring of ppb-level fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) at room temperature remains a significant challenge. Herein, ultrathin porphyrin metal–organic framework (MOF) sheets are selected to assemble with supramolecularly functionalized graphene sheets through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction with 6 nm thickness. The resulting porphyrin MOF/graphene sheet-on-sheet nanohybrid is designed as a chemiresistive NO sensor which exhibits superior gas sensing performance at room temperature including an ultralow practical limit of detection (Ra /Rg = 1.047, 5 ppb NO), reliable repeatability, excellent selectivity against other exhaled gases, and relative long-term stability. Mechanism study indicates that the prominent NO sensing performance is attributed to the ordered framework of active sites of ferric-pyrrole (Fe─N4 ) sites and less than 10 nm thick sheet-on-sheet heterojunction structure in the nanohybrid. The potential clinical utility of the obtained sensors is validated by exhalation tests toward exhalation samples from healthy individuals and asthma patients, respectively. This work provides an effective strategy of developing MOF-based room temperature ppb-level chemiresistive NO sensors for practical FeNO monitoring.

  4. Fabrication of pH and oxygen sensors for monitoring myocardial ischaemia during open heart surgery
    Avik Sett; Robbert Friendwijk; Alireza Tajeddin; Massimo Mastrangeli; Paddy French;
    American Journal of Electronics & Communication,
    Volume 1, pp. 73-76, 2025.

  5. Environmental impacts of artificial intelligence in health care: considerations and recommendations
    Cristina Richie; Saba Hinrichs‑Krapels; Roel Dobbe; Paddy French; Jonathan C. J. Wei1; J. C. Diehl; Ran Kong;
    Health and technology,
    2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12553-025-01003-4
    Abstract: ... Anthropogenic resource use contributes to pollution, violent conflict over scarce resources, loss of biodiversity, and diminished quality of life for humans. Moreover, the “safe” amount of carbon dioxide—350 parts per million—has been exceeded. The health care industry is responsible for 4–5% of total world emissions,[i] which is similar to the global food sector.[ii] Health care carbon emissions come from health care infrastructures, supply chains and health care delivery. Increasingly, health care delivery is reliant on technologies which require the use of artificial intelligence to provide supportive care, such as triage algorithms, electronic patient records, and robotics.[iii] While these technological innovations have advanced health care significantly, they also contribute to the negative effects on the environment, among others, through carbon emissions. The environmental impacts of artificial intelligence (AI) in health care—in particular—are understudied. This research seeks to fill this gap.

  6. Ratiometric analysis of sensor recovery time for organ health monitoring
    A. Sett; T. Rana; R. Friendwijk; S. Wang; M. Mastrangeli; P. French;
    In Smart Systems Integration 2025,
    8-10 April 2025.

  7. Bio-Remote Sensing in Real-Time Thermographic Face Detection and Respiratory Rate Measurement
    K Rassels; D Tax; PJ French;
    In Fraunhofer, Dresden (Ed.), SSI conference,
    April 2025.
    Keywords: ... Thermographic face detection, respiratory rate measurement, Bio-Remote Sensing, Artificial Intelligence (AI), temperature measurement, infrared thermal imaging, thermography technology, tracking body temperature, Deep Learning (DP), respiratory monitoring.

    Abstract: ... Measuring respiratory rates for different age groups during monitoring and patient treatment at the hospital is extremely important. Monitoring respiratory rate for a long time provides physicians and nurses valuable information about the patient's health condition. Incorrect respiratory rate information of adults or infants can mislead the physicians in diagnosing and treating the patient. The traditional reparatory rate measurement and monitoring is contact-based. However, these are quite obtrusive since the patient needs to be connected to the monitoring apparatus with wires. These methods could cause damage to vulnerable skin like preterm infants and create stress or pain. This paper introduces a novel thermographic Bio-Remote sensing approach that enables real-time face detection and respiratory rate measurement of subjects using a single thermal camera system. The algorithm achieves this without requiring nostril location, instead utilizing thermal images and minimum temperature profiles for accurate detections and measurement. Furthermore, this method discusses the significance of combining Deep Learning (DL) with the Thermal Imaging technique to provide a safer, faster, and more practical solution for hospitals by accurately measuring the respiratory rate compared to a monitoring device as the golden standard.

  8. Ratiometric analysis of sensor recovery time for organ health monitoring
    Avik Sett; Tanish Rana; Robbert Friendwijk; Shaogang Wang; Massimo Mastrangeli; Paddy French;
    In Smart Systems Integration (SSI),
    April 2025.
    Keywords: ... Organ health monitoring, tissue damage, pH sensing, oxygen sensing, recovery time.

    Abstract: ... Real-time pH and oxygen concentration sensing is critical for monitoring tissue damage and organ health; however, there is no report to date in such context of a single device that can simultaneously detect both pH and oxygen changes. This paper presents the development of a single optical sensor device that can simultaneously and reversibly respond to changes in both pH and oxygen concentration. The proposed optical sensor integrates both pH- and oxygen-sensitive probes, and is opti-mized to achieve minimal cross-sensitivity during simultaneous measurements. This approach enables high accuracy in early detection of chemical correlates of tissue or organ damage, improving screening and efficacy in organ transplants.

  9. High-Performance Flexible Strain Sensor Fabricated Using Laser Transmission Pyrolysis
    S. Wang; Huiru Yang; Qihang Zong; Qianming Huang; Chunjia Tan; Chenshan Gao; Shinzhen Li; Huaiyu Yem; Guoqi Zhang; Paddy French;
    IEEE Sensors Journal,
    Volume 24, pp. 7521-7529, 2024. DOI: doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2023.3337233
    Keywords: ... Laser transmission pyrolysis (LTP), metal film, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) pattering, stretchable strain sensors, ultraviolet (UV) laser..

    Abstract: ... n recent years, metal crack-based stretchable flexible strain sensors have attracted significant attention in wearable device applications due to their extremely high sensitivity. However, the tradeoff between sensitivity and detection range has been an intractable dilemma, severely limiting their practical applications. Herein, we propose a laser transmission pyrolysis (LTP) technology for fabricating high-performance flexible strain sensors based on (Au) metal cracks with the microchannel array on the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface. The fabricated flexible strain sensors exhibit high sensitivity [gauge factor (GF) of 2448], wide detection range (59% for tensile strain), precise strain resolution (0.1%), fast response and recovery times (69 and 141 ms), and robust durability (over 3000 cycles). In addition, experiment and simulation results reveal that introducing a microchannel array enables the stress redistribution strategy on the sensor surface, which significantly improves the sensing sensitivity compared to conventional flat surface sensors. Based on the excellent performance, the sensors are applied to detect subtle physiological signals, such as pulse and swallowing, as well as to monitor large-scale motion signals, such as knee flexion and finger bending, demonstrating their potential applications in health monitoring, human–machine interactions, and electronic skin.

  10. Sheet-on-sheet architectural assembly of MOF/graphene for high-stability NO sensing at room temperature
    Yanwei Chang; Jingxing Zhang; Ruofei Lu; Weiran Li; Yuchen Feng; Yixun Gao; Haihong Yang; Fengnan Wang; Hao Li; Yi-Kuen Lee; Patrick J. French; Ahmad M. Umar Siddiqui; Yao Wang; Guofu Zhou;
    Journal of Materials Chemistry C,
    Volume 12, pp. 7520-7531, 2024. DOI: DOI: 10.1039/d4tc00091a
    Abstract: ... Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) can be used to describe inflammatory processes in the respiratory tract. Directly detecting ppb-level nitric oxide (NO) with chemiresistive sensors at room temperature faces the challenges of simultaneously obtaining high sensitivity and high stability for sensors. We aimed to improve the stability and sensitivity of NO sensors. We assembled sheet-like porphyrin-based MOF DLS-2D-Co-TCPP(Fe) with 5-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid–rGO (ANS–rGO) nanosheets through coordination interactions. In this way, we offered a room-temperature NO-sensing hybrid, DLS-2D-Co-TCPP(Fe)/ANS–rGO, with a sheet-on-sheet (SOS) architectural heterojunction. The DLS-2D-Co-TCPP(Fe)/ANS–rGO-based sensor demonstrated superior NO-sensing performance, including high sensitivity (Ra/Rg = 1.33, 250 ppb), reliable repeatability, high selectivity, and fast response/recovery (150 s/185 s, 1 ppm) at a sensing concentration from 100 ppb to 10 ppm at room temperature. The obtained sensor showed high stability, retaining >85% of its initial response after 60 days. Designing NO-responsive Fe–N4 active units containing MOF nanosheets, along with constructing a heterojunction with an SOS architecture to facilitate carrier migration, collaboratively dominated the superior performance of synthesized NO sensors. This work provides a strategy for designing SOS architectural heterojunctions to obtain high-performance MOF-based gas-sensing materials.

  11. CO2-induced switching between MOF-based bio-mimic slow anion channel and proton pump for medical exhalation detection
    Honghao Chen; Xiaorui Yue; Yifei Fan; Bin Zheng; Sitao Lv; Fengnan Wang; Yixun Gao; Hao Li; Yi-Kuen Lee; Patrick J. French; Ahmad M. Umar Siddiqui; Yao Wang; Guofu Zhou;
    Chemical Engineering Journal,
    Volume 493, pp. 152633, 2024. DOI: https://doi-org.tudelft.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.1526

  12. Effects of Current Filaments on IGBT Avalanche Robustness: A Simulation Study
    Jingping Zhang; Houcai Luo; Huan Wu; Bofeng Zheng; Xianping Chen; Guoqi Zhang; Paddy French; Shaogang Wang;
    Electronics,
    2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13122347
    Keywords: ... IGBT; avalanche; current filament; robustness; SOA.

    Abstract: ... With the increase in voltage level and current capacity of the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), the avalanche effect has become an important factor limiting the safe operating area (SOA) of the device. The hole injection into the p/n junction on the backside of the IGBT after avalanche is the main feature that distinguishes the avalanche effect from other devices. In this paper, the avalanche breakdown characteristics of IGBT and the nature of current filament are investigated using theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, and the underlying physical mechanism controlling the nature of current filaments is revealed. The results show that the hole injection on the backside of the IGBT leads to an additional negative differential resistance (NDR) branch on the avalanche breakdown curve. The device’s common-base current gain, αpnp, is a crucial factor in determining the current filament. As αpnp increases, the avalanche-induced current filament becomes stronger and slower, resulting in weaker avalanche robustness of the device.

  13. Si, O‑Codoped Carbonized Polymer Dots with High Chemiresistive Gas Sensing Performance at Room Temperature
    Yubo Yin; Yixun Gao; Jianqiang Wang; Quan Wang; Fengnan Wang; Hao Li; Paddy J French; Peerasak Paoprasert; Ahmad M. Umar Siddiqui; Yao Wang; Guofu Zhou;
    ACS Sensors,
    Volume 9, pp. 3282-3289, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.4c00617
    Keywords: ... carbonized polymer dots gas sensor ammonia Si O-codoping.

    Abstract: ... A new type of carbonized polymer dot was prepared by the one-step hydrothermal method of triethoxylsilane (TEOS) and citric acid (CA). The sensor made from carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) showed superior gas sensing performance toward ammonia at room temperature. The Si, O-codoped CPDs exhibited superior ammonia sensing performance at room temperature, including a low practical limit of detection (pLOD) of 1 ppm (Ra/Rg: 1.10, 1 ppm), short response/recovery time (30/36 s, 1 ppm), high humidity resistance (less than 5% undulation when changing relative humidity to 80 from 30%), high stability (less than 5% initial response undulation after 120 days), reliable repeatability, and high electivity against other interferential gases. The gas sensing mechanism was investigated through control experiments and in situ FTIR, indicating that Si, O-codoping essentially improves the electron transfer capability of CPDs and ynergistically dominates the superior ammonia sensing properties of the CPDs. This work resents a facile strategy for constructing novel high-performance, single-component carbonized polymer dots for gas sensing.

  14. Chitosan oligosaccharide laser lithograph: a facile route to porous graphene electrodes for flexible on-chip microsupercomputers
    QM Huang; HR Yang; SG Wang; X Liu; CJ Tanand; QH Zong; CS Gao; SZ Li; PJ French; HY Ye;
    ACS Applied Materials & Interface,
    Volume 16, 2024. DOI: doi: 10.1021/ascami.4c2139

  15. FLEXIBLE HIGH-SENSITIVITY STRAIN SENSOR FABRICATED WITH PDMS MICRO-CHANNEL ARRAY USING LASER TRANSMISSION PYROLYSIS TECHNOLOGY
    Shaogang Wang; Qihang Zong; Huiru Yang; Qianming Huang; Huaiyu Ye; Paddy French;
    In IEEE (Ed.), IEEE MEMS 2024,
    IEEE, January 2024.
    Keywords: ... Stretchable strain sensor, Metal film, UV laser, Laser transmission pyrolysis, PDMS pattering.

    Abstract: ... In recent years, flexible strain sensors based on metal cracks have garnered significant interest for their exceptional sensitivity. However, striking a balance between sensitivity and detection range remains a significant challenge, which often limits its wider application. Herein, we introduce an innovative laser transmission pyrolysis technology to fabricate high performance flexible strain sensors based on (Au) metal cracks with a microchannel array on the PDMS surface. The fabricated flexible strain sensors exhibit high sensitivity, wide detection range, precise strain resolution,fast response and recovery times, and robust durability. Furthermore, this technology has potential applications in microfluidics, microelectromechanical systems and optical sensing.

  16. A lamb wave based liquid sensor for biomedical applications
    Widesh Gahar; Johan Meyer; Alper Sisman; Erdal Korkmaz; Paddy French;
    In Smart Systems Integration Conference,
    2024.

  17. A Love-Mode Surface Acoustic Wave Based Sensor for Biosensing Applications in Liquid Samples
    Johan Meyer; Widesh Gahar; Alper Sisman; Erdal Korkmaz; Paddy French;
    In Smart Systems Integration Conference,
    2024.

  18. Advanced NO2 Gas Sensor Fabrication through UV Laser-Induced Selective Reduction Laser Sintering
    Shaogang Wang; Qihang Zong; Huiru Yang; Qianming Huang; Huaiyu Ye; Paddy French;
    In IEEE NEMS 2024,
    Kyoto, Japan, 2024.

  19. Chitosan Oligosaccharide Laser Lithograph: A Facile Route to Porous Graphene Electrodes for Flexible On-Chip Microsupercapacitors
    Qian-Ming Huang; Huiru Yang; Shaogang Wang; Guoqi Zhang; Paddy French; Huaiyu Ye;
    In Proceedings IEEE NEMS 2024,
    IEEE, IEEE, May 2024.

  20. Reliability Analysis of Cu Sintered Die-Attach for SiC Power Devices: Mechanical, Electrical, and Thermal Evaluation
    Xu Liu; Shaogang Wang; Dong Hu; Chenshan Gao; Qianming Huang; Huaiyu Ye; Paddy French; Guoqi Zhang;
    In IEEE 74th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC),
    Denver, Colorado, IEEE, IEEE, May 2024.

  21. Silicon carbide for sensors and electronics
    PJ French;
    In European Materials Congress,
    2024.

  22. Simultaneous detection of oxygen tension and pH for organ health monitoring during transplants
    A. Sett; R. Friendwijk; S. Wang; G. de Graat; M. Mastrangeli; P. French;
    In 50th International Micro and Nano Engineering Conference (MNE 2024),
    16-19 September 2024.

  23. Fabrication of pH and oxygen sensors for monitoring myocardial ischaemia during open heart surgery
    Avik Sett; Robbert Friendwijk; Alireza Tajeddin; Massimo Mastrangeli; Paddy French;
    In Proceeding 6th International confernce on Sensors & transducers, 2024, UEMCOS’24, Kolkata, India,
    September 2024.

  24. NiO-Doped Laser-Induced Graphene: A High-Performance Flexible Temperature Sensor
    Shaogang Wang; Chunjian Tan; Qihang Zong; Avik Sett; Huaiyu Ye; Paddy French;
    In IEEE (Ed.), Proceedings IEEE Sensors,
    2024.

  25. Simultaneous detection of oxygen tension and pH for organ health monitoring during transplants
    Avik Sett; Robbert Friendwijk; Shaogang Wang; Ger de Graaf; Massimo Mastrangeli; Paddy French;
    In 50th International Micro and Nano Engineering Conference (MNE),
    2024.

  26. A Plant-inspired Light Transducer for High-performance Near-infrared Light Mediated Gas Sensing
    Hongping Liang; Xin Guo; Lanpeng Guo; Siying Liu; Qiuqiang Zhan; Haihong Yang; Hao Li; Nicolaas Frans de Rooij; Yi-Kuen Lee; Paddy J. French; Yao Wang; Guofu Zhou;
    Advanced Functional Materials,
    Issue 2215099, pp. 10, 2023. DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202215099
    Abstract: ... Constructing near-infrared light (NIR) light-enhanced room temperature gas sensors is becoming more promising for practical application. In this study, learning from the structure and photosynthetic process of chlorophyll thylakoid membranes in plants, the first “Thylakoid membrane” structural formaldehyde (HCHO) sensor is constructed by matching the upconversion emission of the lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and the UV–vis adsorp- tion of the as-prepared nanocomposites. The NIR-mediated sensor exhibits excellent performances, including ultra-high response (Ra / Rg = 2.22, 1 ppm), low practical limit of detection (50 ppb), reliable repeatability, high selectivity,and broadband spectral response. The practicality of the NIR-mediated gas sensor is confirmed through the remote and external stimulation test. A study of sensing mechanism demonstrates that it is the UCNPs-based light transducer produces more light-induced oxygen species for gas response in the process of non-radiative/radiative energy transfer, playing a key role in significantly improving the sensing properties of the sensor. The universality of NIR-mediated gas sensors based on UCNPs is verified using ZnO, In2O3, and SnO2 systems. This work paves a way for fabricating high-performance NIR-mediated gas sensors and will expand the application fields of NIR light.

  27. Large-Area and Visible-Light-Driven Heterojunctions of In2O3/Graphene Built for ppb-Level Formaldehyde Detection at Room Temperature
    L Guo; H Liang; H Hu; S Shi; C Wang; H Li; YK Lee; PJ French; Y Wang;
    ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces,
    Volume 15, pp. 15, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c00218
    Keywords: ... In2O3 nanorods, supramolecularly functionalized graphene, formaldehyde sensing, room temperature, visible-light-driven heterojunctions.

    Abstract: ... Achieving convenient and accurate detection of indoor ppb-level form- aldehyde is an urgent requirement to ensure a healthy working and living environment for people. Herein, ultrasmall In2O3 nanorods and supramolecularly functionalized reduced graphene oxide are selected as hybrid components of visible-light-driven (VLD) heterojunctions to fabricate ppb-level formaldehyde (HCHO) gas sensors (named InAG sensors). Under 405 nm visible light illumination, the sensor exhibits an outstanding response toward ppb-level HCHO at room temperature, including the ultralow practical limit of detection (pLOD) of 5 ppb, high response (Ra/Rg = 2.4, 500 ppb), relatively short response/recovery time (119 s/179 s, 500 ppb), high selectivity, and long-term stability. The ultrasensitive room temperature HCHO-sensing property is derived from visible-light-driven and large-area heterojunctions between ultrasmall In2O3 nanorods and supra-molecularly functionalized graphene nanosheets. The performance of the actual detection toward HCHO is evaluated in a 3 m3 test chamber, confirming the practicability and reliability of the InAG sensor. This work provides an effective strategy for the development of low-power-consumption ppb-level gas sensors.

  28. Reverse Recovery Optimization of Multiepi Superjunction MOSFET Based on Tunable Doping Profile
    Ke Liu; Chunjian Tan; Shizhen Li; Wucheng Yuan; Xu Liu; Guoqi Zhang; Paddy French; Huaiyu Ye; Shaogang Wang;
    Electronics,
    Volume 12, Issue 2977, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12132977
    Keywords: ... superjunction; MOSFET; doping profile; reverse recovery; body diode.

    Abstract: ... This paper proposes and simulates research on the reverse recovery characteristics of two novel superjunction (SJ) MOSFETs by adjusting the doping profile. In the manufacturing process of the SJ MOSFET using multilayer epitaxial deposition (MED), the position and concentration of each Boron bubble can be adjusted by designing different doping profiles to adjust the resistance of the upper half P-pillar. A higher P-pillar resistance can slow down the sweep out speed of hole carriers when the body diode is turned off, thus resulting in a smoother reverse recovery current and reducing the current recovery rate (dir/dt) from a peak to zero. The simulation results show that the reverse recovery peak current (Irrm) of the two proposed devices decreased by 5% and 3%, respectively, compared to the conventional SJ. Additionally, the softness factor (S) increased by 64% and 55%, respectively. Furthermore, this study also demonstrates a trade-off relationship between static and reverse recovery characteristics with the adjustable doping profile, thus providing a guideline for actual application scenarios.

  29. Patching sulfur vacancies: A versatile approach for achieving ultrasensitive gas sensors based on transition metal dichalcogenides
    Xiangcheng Liu; Yue Niu; Duo Jin; Junwei Zeng; Wanjiang Li; Lirong Wang; Zhipeng Hou; Yancong Feng; Hao Li; Haihong Yang; Yi-Kuen Lee; Paddy J. French; Yao Wang; Guofu Zhou;
    Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,
    Volume 649, pp. 909-917, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.092.
    Keywords: ... 2D materials Transition metal dichalcogenides Gas sensing Patching sulfur vacancies N-doping.

    Abstract: ... Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) garner significant attention for their potential to create high-performance gas sensors. Despite their favorable properties such as tunable bandgap, high carrier mobility, and large surface-to-volume ratio, the performance of TMDCs devices is compromised by sulfur vacancies, which reduce carrier mobility. To mitigate this issue, we propose a simple and universal approach for patching sulfur vacancies, wherein thiol groups are inserted to repair sulfur vacancies. The sulfur vacancy patching (SVP) approach is applied to fabricate a MoS2-based gas sensor using mechanical exfoliation and all-dry transfer methods, and the resulting 4-nitrothiophenol (4NTP) repaired molybdenum disulfide (4NTP-MoS2) is prepared via a sample solution process. Our results show that 4NTP-MoS2 exhibits higher response (increased by 200 %) to ppb-level NO2 with shorter response/recovery times (61/82 s) and better selectivity at 25 °C compared to pristine MoS2. Notably, the limit of detection (LOD) toward NO2 of 4NTP-MoS2 is 10 ppb. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and density functional theory (DFT) reveal that the improved gas sensing performance is mainly attributed to the 4NTP-induced n-doping effect on MoS2 and the corresponding increment of surface absorption energy to NO2. Additionally, our 4NTP-induced SVP approach is universal for enhancing gas sensing properties of other TMDCs, such as MoSe2, WS2, and WSe2.

  30. Rapid Fabrication of High-Performance Flexible Pressure Sensors Using Laser Pyrolysis Direct Writing
    Shaogang Wang; Qihang Zong; Huiru Yang; Chunjian Tan; Qianming Huang; Xu Liu; Guoqi Zhang; Paddy French; Huaiyu Ye;
    Applied Materials and Interfaces,
    2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c04290
    Keywords: ... flexible pressure sensor, UV laser, laser direct writing, continuous laser pyrolysis, PDMS, micro-truncated pyramid.

    Abstract: ... The fabrication of flexible pressure sensors with low cost, high scalability, and easy fabrication is an essential driving force in developing flexible electronics, especially for high-performance sensors that require precise surface microstructures. However, optimizing complex fabrication processes and expensive microfabrication methods remains a significant challenge. In this study, we introduce a laser pyrolysis direct writing technology that enables rapid and efficient fabrication of high-performance flexible pressure sensors with a microtruncated pyramid array. The pressure sensor demonstrates exceptional sensitivities, with the values of 3132.0, 322.5, and 27.8 kPa−1 in the pressure ranges of 0−0.5, 0.5−3.5, and 3.5−10 kPa, respectively. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits rapid response times (loading: 22 ms, unloading: 18 ms) and exceptional reliability, enduring over 3000 pressure loading and unloading cycles. Moreover, the pressure sensor can be easily integrated into a sensor array for spatial pressure distribution detection. The laser pyrolysis direct writing technology introduced in this study presents a highly efficient and promising approach to designing and fabricating high-performance flexible pressure sensors utilizing micro-structured polymer substrates.

  31. A bio-inspired and switchable H+/OH− ion-channel for room temperature exhaled CO2 chemiresistive sensing
    Honghao Chen; Ruofei Lu; Yixun Gao; Xiaorui Yue; Haihong Yang; Hao Li; Yi-Kuen Lee; Paddy J. French; Yao Wang; Guofu Zhouab;
    Journal of Materials Chemistry A,
    Volume 11, Issue 21959-21971, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D3TA04685K
    Abstract: ... Inspired by the CO2-induced reversible activation mechanism of the slow anion channel 1 (SLAC1) in plant stomatal guard cells during plant photosynthesis, we designed and prepared a CO2- switchable H+/OH− ion channel (CSPH ion channel). A high-performance chemiresistive room temperature CO2 sensor has been prepared based on this CSPH ion channel. The obtained CO2 room temperature sensor γ-CD-MOF@RhB exhibits high sensitivity (Rg/R0 = 1.50, 100 ppm), excellent selectivity, good stability (less than 5% reduction in 30 days response value), and 99.96% consistency with commercial infrared CO2 meter. The practical limit of detection (pLOD) of the γ-CD-MOF@RhB sensor reaches 10 ppm at room temperature toward CO2, which is the lowest for reported MOF-derived chemiresistive room temperature CO2 sensors so far. Ion conduction mechanism studies have shown that the CSPH ion channel behaves as a CO2-switchable H+/OH− ion channel with a switching point of approximately 60 000 ppm CO2. As an application attempt, the fabricated low pLOD CO2 sensor has been used for human exhaled CO2 detection to compare CO2 concentration in the breath of individuals before and after exercise and COVID-19. It was also logically indicated that the average concentration of human exhaled CO2 after COVID-19 recovery is different for undiseased subjects.

  32. Self-Assembled Lenalidomide/AIE Prodrug Nanobomb for Tumor Imaging and Cancer Therapy
    Zhijian Mai; Nengjie Cao; Erzhuo Cheng; Zhiwen Zeng; Yancong Feng; Yao Wang; Paddy J. French; Yi-Kuen Lee; Haihong Yang; Bin Yang; Hao Li; Guofu Zhou;
    Applied Nano Materials,
    Volume 6, pp. 19807-19817, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.3c03611
    Keywords: ... small-molecule prodrug, Schiff base linkage, aggregation-induced emission, self-assembly, tumor-targeted diagnosis and therapy.

    Abstract: ... To develop multifunctional small-molecule prodrugs is highly desirable for cancer treatment but remains challenging in intrinsic traceability. As an acid-cleavable linkage, a Schiff bases benefiting from its distinctive fluorescence quenching ability was selected to prepare a small-molecule prodrug with cancer-targeted and self-indicating. In this study, we designed and developed a multifunctional self-assembled nanobomb of amphiphilic TPE-Lenalidomide prodrug, which comprises a hydrophobic aggregation-induced emission (AIE) probe 4-(1,2,2- triphenylvinyl)benzaldehyde (TPE-CHO) and a hydrophilic anticancer drug Lenalidomide via a Schiff base linkage. We investigated the synergistic effect of d-PET and CN isomerization which would keep the fluorescence of TPE-Lenalidomide in the “always off” state by density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Once reaching the pathological site, such a vesicular nanobomb of TPE-Lenalidomide will be acidolyzed to release the AIE probe and Lenalidomide molecules simultaneously, consequently realizing high-efficiency effects of tumor imaging and cancer therapy (cell viability: normal cell L929, ∼79.49%; cancer cell 4T1, ∼27.08%; p = 0.000118). This work may pave an avenue to prepare small-molecule prodrugs for tumor-targeted diagnosis and cancer therapy.

  33. High-Performance Flexible Strain Sensor Fabricated Using Laser Transmission Pyrolysis
    Shaogang Wang; Huiru Yang; Qihang Zong; Qianming Huang; Chunjian Tan; Chenshan Gao; Shizhen Li; Huaiyu Ye; Guoqi Zhangand; Paddy French;
    IEEE Sensors Journal,
    2023. DOI: doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2023.3337233
    Keywords: ... Stretchable strain sensors, Metal film, UV laser, Laer transmission pyrolysis, PDMS pattering..

    Abstract: ... In recent years, metal crack-based stretchable flexible strain sensors have attracted significant attention in wearable device applications due to their extremely high sensitivity. However, the trade-off between sensitivity and detection range has been an intractable dilemma, severely limiting their practical applications. Herein, we propose a laser transmission pyrolysis technology for fabricating high-performance flexible strain sensors based on (Au) metal cracks with the microchannel array on the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface. The fabricated flexible strain sensors exhibit high sensitivity (gauge factor of 2448), wide detection range (59% for tensile strain), precise strain resolution (0.1%), fast response and recovery times (69 ms and 141 ms), and robust durability (over 3000 cycles). In addition, experiment and simulation results reveal that introducing a microchannel array enables the stress distribution strategy on the sensor surface, which significantly improves the sensing sensitivity compared to conventional flat surface sensors. Based on the excellent performance, the sensors are applied to detect subtle physiological signals such as pulse and swallowing, as well as to monitor large-scale motion signals such as knee flexion and finger bending, demonstrating their potential applications in health monitoring, human-machine interactions, and electronic skin

  34. Construction of Flower-like ZnO Nanoclusters on Functionalized Graphene Nanosheets for Room Temperature Formaldehyde Sensing
    Hu, Huiyun; Guo, Lanpeng; Liang, Hongping; Lu, Ruofei; Lv, Sitao; Wang, Chenxu; Liu, Liming; Yang, Haihong; Lee, Yi-Kuen; French, Paddy J.; Li, Hao; Wang, Yao; Zhou, Guofu;
    Current Chinese Science,
    Volume 3, pp. 275-284, 2023. DOI: https://doi-org.tudelft.idm.oclc.org/10.2174/221029810366623
    Keywords: ... ZnO, graphene, dipole, formaldehyde, room temperature gas sensor, HCHO sensor.

    Abstract: ... Background: Formaldehyde (HCHO) is one of the sources of indoor air pollution and a recognized carcinogenic gas, which sets a huge threat to human health. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a formaldehyde gas sensor with high efficiency, low consumption, and low limit of detection. Methods: With solvothermal and supramolecular assembly methods, we fabricate a nanocom-posite of ZnO/5-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (ANS)-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) through in situ assembling flower-like ZnO nanoclusters on ANS-modified graphene nanosheets for room temperature formaldehyde detection. Results: The flower-like ZnO/ANS-rGO based gas sensor exhibits high response (32%, 5 ppm), ultra-fast response/recovery times (18/23 s), high selectivity, long-term stability and a low practical limit of detection (pLOD) of 1 ppm toward HCHO at room temperature, offering significant advantages and competitiveness in chemiresistive room temperature HCHO sensors. Conclusion: The unique flower-like nanostructure of ZnO and the functionalization with ANS molecules jointly improved the HCHO sensing performance of the composite at room temperature. This work provides a new approach to designing and preparing high-performance room temperature gas sensing materials

  35. Acoustic Technologies in Biology and Medicine
    Alper Sisman; Paddy French; Ayse Ogan; Erdal Korkmaz; Abbas Ali Husseini; Ali Mohammad Yazdani; and Johan Meyer;
    Jun Huang; Adem Ozcelik (Ed.);
    Wiley International Publishing, Chapter Acoustic Biosen, , 2023.

  36. Technology Development for MEMS: A Tutorial
    P. J. French; G. J. Krijnen; S. Vollebregt; M. Mastrangeli;
    IEEE Sensors Journal,
    Volume 22, Issue 11, pp. 10106-10125, June 2022. DOI: doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2021.3104715
    Abstract: ... Silicon sensors date back to before 1960 with early Hall and piezoresistive devices. These used simple processing that was part of the early integrated circuit (IC) industry. As the IC industry developed, silicon sensors could benefit from the technological advances. As silicon sensors advanced, there came the need for new technologies specifically for microsystems. This led to a range of 3-D structures using micromachining and enabled the development of both sensors and actuators. The integration of sensors with electronics on a single chip also presented new challenges to ensure that both sensor and electronics would function correctly at the end of the processing. In recent years many new technologies and new materials were introduced to enhance the functionality of microsystems. Some sensors are still based on silicon, but others introduce new materials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene. Technologies that have been used in other applications for many years are now integral part of the microsystem technology portfolio. These include screen printing and inkjet printing. Moving more into the third dimension, 3-D printing presents many new opportunities to fabricate novel structures on a silicon substrate. This tutorial focuses on the additional technologies which have been developed to supplement standard IC processes to create MEMS structures.

  37. Carbon-Iron Electron Transport Channels in Porphyrin–Graphene Complex for ppb-Level Room Temperature NO Gas Sensing
    Yixun Gao; Jianqiang Wang; Yancong Feng; Nengjie Cao; Hao Li; Nicolaas Frans de Rooij; Ahmad Umar; Paddy J. French; Yao Wang; Guofu Zhou;
    SMALL,
    pp. 9, 2022. DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103259
    Abstract: ... It is a great challenge to develop efficient room-temperature sensing materials and sensors for nitric oxide (NO) gas, which is a biomarker molecule used in the monitoring of inflammatory respiratory diseases. Herein, Hemin (Fe (III)-protoporphyrin IX) is introduced into the nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO) to obtain a novel sensing material HNGethanol. Detailed XPS spectra and DFT calculations confirm the formation of carbon–iron bonds in HNG-ethanol during synthesis process, which act as electron transport channels from graphene to Hemin. Owing to this unique chemical structure, HNG-ethanol exhibits superior gas sensing properties toward NO gas (Ra/Rg = 3.05, 20 ppm) with a practical limit of detection (LOD) of 500 ppb and reliable repeatability (over 5 cycles). The HNG-ethanol sensor also possesses high selectivity against other exhaled gases, high humidity resistance, and stability (less than 3% decrease over 30 days). In addition, a deep understanding of the gas sensing mechanisms is proposed for the first time in this work, which is instructive to the community for fabricating sensing materials based on graphene-iron derivatives in the future.

  38. Opto-chemical pH detection of Myocardial Ischaemia using Fluorescent Hydrogels
    Ger de Graaf; Maurits Frans Vriesendorp; Amin Hassan; Patrick James French;
    IEEE Sensors Journal,
    Volume 22, Issue 11, pp. 10901-10909, June 2022. DOI: doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2022.3166709
    Keywords: ... Fluorescence, ischaemia, hydrogel, optical pH probe, HPTS, pyranine, fluorescent dye, dual wavelength excitation, ratiometric detection.

    Abstract: ... In this research fluorescent optochemical pH probes for the detection of ischaemia have been investigated. Myocardial ischaemia is the most prominent risk during heart surgery. During open heart surgery the heart is temporarily arrested and, since there no blood flowing, oxygen supply and removal of waste products is stopped and heart cells can be damaged. In this paper we propose a novel method to monitor the condition of the heart by placing optochemical pH sensors on several strategic places around the heart during surgery. Low cost opto-chemical pH sensors, using a HPTS (8-hydroxy-1,3,6-pyrene trisulfonic acid trisodium salt) fluorescent dye encapsulated in a thin bio-compatible hydrogel layer, were investigated for this application. Our research started with an extensive optical characterization of several types of hydrogel layers at different pH levels. Secondly a reflection probe prototype using several of these layers was designed, built and tested. Dual wavelength excitation and ratiometric detection of the fluorescent signals was used to detect the pH level. Typical output signals of 35% to 53% per pH in the range from 6.5-8.0 pH have been measured and a response time of typically 400 seconds was obtained for the prototypes. Finally based on our measurements on the HPTS layers and the reflection probe we propose an improved type of pH probe for the detection of ischaemia during open heart surgery.

  39. Low-Cost Wearable Fluidic Sweat Collection Patch for Continuous Analyte Monitoring and Offline Analysis
    A Stijlen; KMB Jansen; J Bastemeijer; PJ French; A Bossche;
    Analytical Chemistry,
    Volume 94, pp. 6893-6901, April 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01052
    Abstract: ... Sweat sensors allow for new unobtrusive ways to continuously monitor an athlete’s performance and health status. Significant advances have been made in the optimization of sensitivity, selectivity, and durability of electrochemical sweat sensors. However, comparing the in situ performance of these sensors in detail remains challenging because standardized sweat measurement methods to validate sweat sensors in a physiological setting do not yet exist. Current collection methods, such as the absorbent patch technique, are prone to contamination and are labor-intensive, which limits the number of samples that can be collected over time for offline reference measurements. We present an easy-to-fabricate sweat collection system that allows for continuous electrochemical monitoring, as well as chronological sampling of sweat for offline analysis. The patch consists of an analysis chamber hosting a conductivity sensor and a sequence of 5 to 10 reservoirs that contain level indicators that monitor the filling speed. After testing the performance of the patch in the laboratory, elaborate physiological validation experiments (3 patch locations, 6 participants) were executed. The continuous sweat conductivity measurements were compared with laboratory [Na+] and [Cl–] measurements of the samples, and a strong linear relationship (R2 = 0.97) was found. Furthermore, sweat rate derived from ventilated capsule measurement at the three locations was compared with patch filling speed and continuous conductivity readings. As expected from the literature, sweat conductivity was linearly related to sweat rate as well. In short, a successfully validated sweat collection patch is presented that enables sensor developers to systematically validate novel sweat sensors in a physiological setting.

  40. Carbon Dots Embedded in Cellulose Film: Programmable, Performance-Tunable, and Large-Scale Subtle Fluorescent Patterning by in Situ Laser Writing
    Yuanyuan Guo; Quan Wang; Hao Li; Yixun Gao; Xuezhu Xu; Biao Tang; Yao Wang; Bai Yang; Yi-Kuen Lee; Paddy J. French; Guofu Zhou;
    ACS Nano,
    Volume 16, pp. 11, 2022. DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09999
    Keywords: ... fluorescent pattern, tunable intensity, surface microstructure, laser direct writing, carbon dots.

    Abstract: ... Fluorescent patterns with multiple functions enable highsecurity anti-counterfeiting labels. Complex material synthesis and patterning processes limit the application of multifunctional fluorescent patterns, so the technology of in situ fluorescent patterning with tunable multimodal capabilities is becoming more necessary. In this work, an in situ fluorescent patterning technology was developed using laser direct writing on solid cellulose film at ambient conditions without masks. The fluorescent intensity and surface microstructure of the patterns could be adjusted by programmable varying of the laser parameters simultaneously. During laser direct writing, carbon dots are generated in situ in a cellulose ester polymer matrix, which significantly simplifies the fluorescent patterning process and reduces the manufacturing cost. Interestingly, the tunable fluorescent intensity empowers the fabrication of visual stereoscopic fluorescent patterns with excitation dependence, further improving its anti-counterfeiting performance. The obtained fluorescent patterns still show ultrahigh optical properties after being immersed in an acid/base solution (pH 5−12) over one month. In addition, the anti-UV performance of the obtained laser-patterned film with transmittance around 90% is comparable to that of commercial UV-resistant films. This work provided an advanced and feasible approach to fabricating programmable, performance-tunable, subtle fluorescent patterns in large-scale for industrial application.

  41. Review of Scaling effects on physical properties and practicalities of cantilever sensors
    C-K Yang; E van der Drift; PJ French;
    IOP JMM,
    Volume 32, Issue 103002, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/ac8559
    Abstract: ... Reducing sensor dimension is a good way to increase system sensitivity and response. However the advantages gained must be weighed against other effects which also became significant during the scaling process. In this paper, the scaling effect of cantilever sensors from micrometer to nanometer regimes is reviewed. Changes in the physical properties such as Q-factor, Young's modulus, noise and nonlinear deflections, as well as effects on practical sensor applications such as sensor response and sensor readouts, are presented. Since cantilever is an elemental transducer and device building block, its scaling effects can be further extrapolated to other sensing systems and applications.

  42. Technology Development for MEMS: A Tutorial
    Paddy J French; Gijs JM Krijnen; Sten Vollebregt; Massimo Mastrangeli;
    IEEE Sensors Journal,
    Volume 22, Issue 11, 2022. DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2021.3104715

  43. Assembly of Core/Shell Nanospheres of Amorphous Hemin/ Acetone-Derived Carbonized Polymer with Graphene Nanosheets for Room-Temperature NO Sensing
    Jianqiang Wang; Yixun Gao; Fengjia Chen; Lulu Zhang; Hao Li; Nicolaas Frans de Rooij; Ahmad Umar; Yi-Kuen Lee; Paddy J. French; Bai Yang, Yao Wang; Guofu Zhou;
    Applied Materials and Interfaces,
    Volume 14, December 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c16769
    Keywords: ... nitric oxide sensor, Hemin, graphene, carbonized polymer, core−shell structure.

    Abstract: ... Implementing parts per billion-level nitric oxide (NO) sensing at room temperature (RT) is still in extreme demand for monitoring inflammatory respiratory diseases. Herein, we have prepared a kind of core−shell structural Hemin-based nanospheres (Abbr.: Hemin-nanospheres, defined as HNSs) with the core of amorphous Hemin and the shell of acetone-derived carbonized polymer, whose core−shell structure was verified by XPS with argon-ion etching. Then, the HNSassembled reduced graphene oxide composite (defined as HNS-rGO) was prepared for RT NO sensing. The acetone-derived carbonized polymer shell not only assists the formation of amorphous Hemin core by disrupting their crystallization to release more Fe−N4 active sites, but provides protection to the core. Owing to the unique core−shell structure, the obtained HNS-rGO based sensor exhibited superior RT gas sensing properties toward NO, including a relatively higher response (Ra/Rg = 5.8, 20 ppm), a lower practical limit of detection (100 ppb), relatively reliable repeatability (over 6 cycles), excellent selectivity, and much higher long-term stability (less than a 5% decrease over 120 days). The sensing mechanism has also been proposed based on charge transfer theory. The superior gas sensing properties of HNS-rGO are ascribed to the more Fe−N4 active sites available under the amorphous state of the Hemin core and to the physical protection by the shell of acetonederived carbonized polymer. This work presents a facile strategy of constructing a high-performance carbon-based core−shell nanostructure for gas sensing.

  44. Real-time Thermographic Object Tracking of the Body Temperature of a Neonate,
    K Rassels; PJ French;
    In Fraunhofer, Berlin (Ed.), SSI Conference,
    Silicon Saxony, 2022.
    Keywords: ... Thermographic object tracking; thermography technology; premature babies, incubator; infrared thermal imaging; neonates; tracking body temperature; temperature measurement..

    Abstract: ... Neonates can show sudden rapid body movements when they are in pain, need care, or need to be fed. They can also be very quiet and immovable or move very slowly when they are asleep or being fed. Monitoring a neonate’s body temperature for a long time provides physicians and nurses valuable information about the health condition of the baby. Thermographic technology is a remote and very safe way to measure an accurate neonate’s body temperature to monitor his/her vital signs. However, the tracking of an elastic thermographic profile of a subject with a random and erratic movement for short- and long-term is a challenging task. The combination of the real-time thermographic detection and tracking system provides a safe and more robust non-invasive method to measure the vital signs and to monitor the physiological changes of the neonates over time. However, this method can also be used for other target age groups.

  45. Bio-Remote Sensing in Predicting Infection in Neonates With Thermal Imaging and Machine Learning
    K Rassels; PJ French;
    In Fraunhofer, Berlin (Ed.), SSI Conference,
    2022.
    Keywords: ... Bio-Remote Sensing, Predicting Infection, Thermographic technology; Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Premature babies, Incubator; Sepsis, Infrared thermal imaging; neonates; Body temperature measurement.

    Abstract: ... Premature birth complications have different causes and vary in different parts of the world with sepsis as one of the leading causes of these complications. The body releases anti-inflammatory substances when an infection is detected and this, in turn, could damage healthy organs, especially when they are not fully developed. Preterm babies are susceptible to diseases due to their underdeveloped immune systems and organs. Hence, it is extremely important to treat sepsis as soon as the baby is diagnosed. Neonatal sepsis is a dangerous non-specific disease in babies, and it is a clinically very difficult and challenging task to diagnose. Late or incorrect treatment of infants’ sepsis can lead to death which is one of the most causes of mortality rate in neonates. In the traditional treatment of sepsis, the needed time and accuracy for diagnosis are still very concerning, considering the number of involved risks in late diagnosis or mistreatment of sepsis cases. Thus, the need for having a fast and reliable algorithm with high accuracy to predict sepsis before clinical recognition would help the doctors to treat the neonates in time and to reduce the mortality rate related to sepsis.This paper presents a fast, more accurate, and reliable thermographic Bio-Remote Sensing approach in predicting sepsis in neonates and discusses the significance of combining the Thermal Imaging technique with Machine Learning (ML). At the same time, it provides a more practical and desirable solution for the physicians by minimizing the traditional diagnosis time and maximizing the accuracy of the prediction needed to detect sepsis in neonates.

  46. Flexible and Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensor Based on Patterned PDMS Forming with Laser Pyrolysis Direct Write Technique for Wearable Electr
    Shaogang Wang; Qihang Zong; Chunjian Tan; Huaiyu Ye; Paddy French;
    In MNE 2022,
    September 2022.

  47. A New Approach for Monitoring Sweat Ammonia Levels Using a Ventilated Capsule
    Annemarijn Steijlen; Jeroen Bastemaijer; Robbert Nederhoff; Kasper Jansen; Paddy French; Andre Bossche;
    engineering proceedings,
    Volume 38, pp. 6, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-8-11332
    Keywords: ... sweat sensor; NH3; metal oxide gas sensor; ventilated capsule.

    Abstract: ... Ammonium levels in sweat can potentially be used to measure muscle fatigue and to diagnose particular metabolic myopathies. To research the potential use of ammonia in sweat as a biomarker, a new real-time monitoring system is developed. This system consists of a capsule that is placed at the skin and ventilated with dry air. A metal oxide gas sensor in the capsule detects the ammonia that is evaporated from sweat. The sensor system was built, and calibration experiments were performed. The sensors show good sensitivity from 27 mV/ppm to 1.1 mV/ppm in the desired measurement range of 1 to 30 ppm respectively. A temperature and humidity sensor are integrated to compensate for temperature and humidity effects on the NH3 sensor.

  48. Smart sensor tights: Movement tracking of the lower limbs in football
    Annemarijn Steijlen; Bastiaan Burgers; Erik Wilmes; Jeroen Bastemeijer; Bram Bastiaansen; Patrick French; Andre Bossche; Kaspar Jansen;
    Wearable technologies,
    Volume 2, 2021. DOI: 10.1017/wtc.2021.16
    Keywords: ... inertial measurement units, wearable sensors, football, movement tracking.

    Abstract: ... This article presents a novel smart sensor garment with integrated miniaturized inertial measurements units (IMUs) that can be used to monitor lower body kinematics during daily training activities, without the need of extensive technical assistance throughout the measurements. The smart sensor tights enclose five ultra-light sensor modules that measure linear accelerations, angular velocities, and the earth magnetic field in three directions. The modules are located at the pelvis, thighs, and shanks. The garment enables continuous measurement in the field at high sample rates (250 Hz) and the sensors have a large measurement range (32 g, 4,000°/s). They are read out by a central processing unit through an SPI bus, and connected to a centralized battery in the waistband. A fully functioning prototype was built to perform validation studies in a lab setting and in a field setting. In the lab validation study, the IMU data (converted to limb orientation data) were compared with the kinematic data of an optoelectronic measurement system and good validity (CMCs >0.8) was shown. In the field tests, participants experienced the tights as comfortable to wear and they did not feel restricted in their movements. These results show the potential of using the smart sensor tights on a regular base to derive lower limb kinematics in the field.

  49. Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Foams with “Greater Electron Transferring Areas” Deriving High Gas Sensitivity
    Zhuo Chen; Jinrong Wang; Nengjie Cao; Yao Wang; Hao Li; Nicolaas Frans de Rooij; Ahmad Umar; Yancong Feng; Paddy French; Guofu Zhou;
    Applied Nano Materials,
    Volume 4, pp. 13234-13245, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.1c02759
    Keywords: ... graphene foams, supramolecular assembly, lyophilization, charge transfer, gas sensors.

    Abstract: ... Graphene foams are promising three-dimensional (3D) architectures with the combination of the intrinsic nature of graphene and unique cellular structures for various realms. Herein, a facile technique is developed by combining supramolecular assembly with lyophilization to functionalize graphene with donor−π-acceptor (D−π- A) molecules and then massively transform the two-dimensional (2D) plane nanosheets into 3D foams. The as-prepared gas sensors work at room temperature (RT) and reveal comprehensive gas sensing performance with an ultrahigh response (Ra/Rg = 3.2, 10 ppm), excellent selectivity, and reliable repeatability toward NO2. Notably, a gas sensing enhancement mechanism with density functional theory (DFT) calculations is proposed to unravel the synergetic effect of the “Greater Electron Transferring Area” and the specific 3D foam structure for the enhancement of charge transfer and NO2 adsorption. The combination of supramolecular assembly and the lyophilization technique provides a strategy to prepare 3D architectural graphene-based materials for high-performance gas sensors and chemical trace detectors.

  50. Smart sensor tights: Movement tracking of the lower limbs in football”, Wearable Technologies
    Annemarijn Steijlen; Bastiaan Burgers; Erik Wilmes; Jeroen Bastemeijer; Bram Bastiaansen; Patrick French; Andre Bossche; Kaspar Janse;
    Waerable Technologies,
    Volume 2, 2021. DOI: e17 doi:10.1017/wtc.2021.16

  51. Towards all-polymer cochlear implant micro-electrode arrays
    A Miralles-Abete; PJ French;
    In Mike McShane; Subhas Mkhopadhyay (Ed.), Proceedings IEEE Sensors 2021,
    IEEE, IEEE, October 2021.
    Keywords: ... Cochlear Implants, PEDOT:PSS, Micro- Electrodes, BioMedical Engineering.

    Abstract: ... This paper shows that PEDOT:PSS is an excellent material for all-polymeric cochlear implant micro-electrode arrays. Initial experiments have shown a high conductivity of 230 S/cm for PEDOT:PSS samples, which dramatically decreased to 0.48 S/cm after 3 hours of UV treatment. Electrical characterisation of PEDOT:PSS electrodes reveals that its maximum charge injection capacity is 15 times higher than that of platinum,the electrode material used in commercial cochlear implants. These experiments demonstrate that PEDOT:PSS is an excellent candidate material for cochlear implants, both as micro-electrode and insulating layer.

    document

  52. Real-time thermographic object tracking of the body temperature of a neonate
    K Rassels; PJ French;
    In Proceedings Sensors 2021,
    SECTOR, August 2021.
    Keywords: ... thermographic object tracking, thermography technology, incubator, infrared thermal imag-ing, neonates, tracking body temperature, monitoring body temperature, monitoring vi-tal signs, temperature measurement..

    Abstract: ... Neonates can show sudden rapid body movements when they are in pain, need care, or need to be fed. They can also be very quiet and immovable or move very slowly when they are asleep or being fed. Monitoring a neonate’s body temperature for a long time provides physicians and caretakers valuable information about the health condition of the baby. Thermographic technology is a remote and very safe way to measure an accurate neonate’s body temperature in order to monitor his/her vital signs. However, the tracking of an elastic thermo-graphic profile of a subject with a random and erratic movement for short- and long-term is a challenging task.

  53. ACCURATE BODY TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT OF A NEONATE USING THERMOGRAPHY TECHNOLOGY
    K Rassels; PJ French;
    In Thomas Otto (Ed.), Smart System Integration,
    IEEE, Silicon Saxony, April 2021. DOI: DOI: 10.1109/SSI52265.2021.9467024
    Keywords: ... thermography technology, neonates, body temperature, infrared thermal imaging.

    Abstract: ... One of the important measured vital signs in neonates is the body temperature. The traditional measurement uses adhesive pads, but medical staff are hindered by connectors attached to the infant. Remote infrared thermal imaging techniques provide a non-intrusive and safe method to measure body temperature. By means of the thermography technology, it is possible to monitor the variations and trends in the body temperature, which is more reliable, faster, less stressful than traditional methods. Measuring body temperature of a moving neonate remains a challenge. Moreover, factors like humidity, thermal lens forming through the incubator portholes, thermal noise from inside and outside the incubator, camera position and limited Field of View through the incubator portholes, etc. could disrupt a reliable measurement. This study will focus on developing a technique that measures neonates’ body temperature accurately in an incubator. By eliminating unwanted external factors, continual measurement of a Region of Interest (ROI) become more feasible from which trends become available for the techniques like Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning or Deep Learning. Moreover, this method reduces stress and discomfort for the infant. The outcome of this study is more accurate and the temperature profile of a geometric shapes or ROI over time provides a valuable input to the physicians or nurses to provide higher quality care.

  54. IC compatible materials for sensors
    PJ French;
    Key Engineering Materials,
    Volume 843, pp. 58-63, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.843
    document

  55. In-vivo microsystems: A review
    PJ French;
    Sensors,
    Volume 2, pp. 22, September 2020. DOI: doi:10.3390/s20174953
    Keywords: ... medical sensors, implants, in-vivo devices, microsystems.

    Abstract: ... In-vivo sensors yield valuable medical information by measuring directly on the living tissue of a patient. These devices can be surface or implant devices. Electrical activity in the body,from organs or muscles can be measured using surface electrodes. For short term internal devices,catheters are used. These include cardiac catheter (in blood vessels) and bladder catheters. Due to the size and shape of the catheters, silicon devices provided an excellent solution for sensors. Since many cardiac catheters are disposable, the high volume has led to lower prices of the silicon sensors. Many catheters use a single sensor, but silicon offers the opportunity to have multi sensors in a single catheter, while maintaining small size. The cardiac catheter is usually inserted for a maximum of 72 h. Some devices may be used for a short-to-medium period to monitor parameters after an operation or injury (1–4 weeks). Increasingly, sensing, and actuating, devices are being applied to longer term implants for monitoring a range of parameters for chronic conditions. Devices for longer term implantation presented additional challenges due to the harshness of the environment and the stricter regulations for biocompatibility and safety. This paper will examine the three main areas of application for in-vivo devices: surface devices and short/medium-term and long-term implants. The issues of biocompatibility and safety will be discussed.

  56. A wearable fluidic collection patch and ion chromatography method for sweat electrolyte monitoring during exercise
    Steijlen, Annemarijn SM; Bastemeijer, Jeroen; Groen, Pim; Jansen, Kaspar MB; French, Patrick J; Bossche, Andre;
    Analytical Methods,
    Volume 12, Issue 48, pp. 5885--5892, 2020. DOI: 10.1039/D0AY02014A
    Abstract: ... This paper presents a method to continuously collect and reliably measure sweat analyte concentrations during exercise. The method can be used to validate newly developed sweat sensors and to obtain insight into intraindividual variations of sweat analytes in athletes. First, a novel design of a sweat collection system is created. The sweat collection patch, that is made from hydrophilized foil and a double-sided acrylate adhesive, consists of a reservoir array that collects samples consecutively in time. During a physiological experiment, sweat can be collected from the back of a participant and the filling speed of the collector is monitored by using a camera. After the experiment, Na+, Cl− and K+ levels are measured with ion chromatography. Sweat analyte variations are measured during exercise for an hour at three different locations on the back. The Na+ and Cl− variations show a similar trend and the absolute concentrations vary with the patch location. Na+ and Cl− concentrations increase and K+ concentrations seem to decrease during this exercise. With this new sweat collection system, sweat Na+, Cl− and K+ concentrations can be collected over time during exercise at medium to high intensity, to analyse the trend in electrolyte variations per individual.

  57. A novel sweat rate and conductivity sensor patch made with low-cost fabrication techniques
    Steijlen, ASM; Bastemeijer, J; Jansen, KMB; French, PJ; Bossche, A;
    In 2020 IEEE Sensors,
    IEEE, pp. 1--4, 2020. DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278850
    Abstract: ... Sweat sensor patches offer new opportunities for unobtrusive monitoring of an athlete's physical status. This paper presents a novel sweat rate and sweat conductivity patch that is easy to prototype and can be made with common low-cost production techniques: laser cutting and standard printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing. The device consists of a patch made from hydrophilic PET foil, a double-sided adhesive and a thin PCB with gold electrodes. Two electrodes, which are continuously in contact with the inflowing fluid, measure the sweat conductivity and a separate system with interdigitated electrodes measures the filling process of the reservoirs. Impedance measurement results of both systems demonstrate the working of the concept.

  58. Development of Sensor Tights with Integrated Inertial Measurement Units for Injury Prevention in Football
    Steijlen, ASM; Bastemeijer, J; Plaude, L; French, PJ; Bossche, A; Jansen, KMB;
    In Proceedings of the 6th International conference on Design4Health,
    2020.
    Abstract: ... In elite European football, 6 to 7 hamstring muscle injuries occur per team per season, which results in an absence of 14 to 180 days. These injuries occur typically in the last part of a training or match. This implies that the accumulation of demanding actions is an important factor for hamstring injury risk. In current practice, physical player load is measured at the field by deriving the global location of the player with GPS and RFID systems. However, these systems are not able to monitor leg movement and to distinguish demanding actions like kicking, cutting and jumping.In order to monitor these actions in the field, a novel design is being developed. The design consists of five sensor nodes with IMUs (Inertial measurement units), integrated in sports tights. IMUs can measure linear accelerations, angular velocities and magnetic fields in three directions. From these measurements, 3D kinematics of the lower limbs can be derived. An iterative design approach is used to develop the tights. Four prototypes will be developed. Each prototype is tested in a football specific setting, to identify areas of improvement from a technical point of view as well as from a user’s perspective. The final aim of this research is to develop sensor tights that can be worn unobtrusively by football players in the field. Real-time data are retrieved by the coach. This allows the coach to intervene when there is a high injury risk.

  59. Development of a microfluidic collection system to measure electrolyte variations in sweat during exercise
    Steijlen, ASM; Bastemeijer, J; Groen, WA; Jansen, KMB; French, PJ; Bossche, A;
    In 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine \& Biology Society (EMBC),
    IEEE, pp. 4085--4088, 2020. DOI: 10.1109/EMBC44109.2020.9176123
    Abstract: ... A wide variety of electrochemical sweat sensors are recently being developed for real-time monitoring of biomarkers. However, from a physiological perspective, little is known about how sweat biomarkers change over time. This paper presents a method to collect and analyze sweat to identify inter and intraindividual variations of electrolytes during exercise. A new microfluidic sweat collection system is developed which consists of a patch covering the collection surface and a sequence of reservoirs. Na + , Cl - and K + are measured with ion chromatography afterwards. The measurements show that with the new collector, variations in these ion concentrations can be measured reliably over time.

  60. Development of a microfluidic collection system to measure electrolyte variations in sweat during exercise
    Paddy French (Ed.);
    Montreal, Canada: IEEE, EMBC, , July 2020. DOI: DOI: 10.1109/EMBC44109.2020.9176123
    Keywords: ... sweat measurement, microfluidics.

    Abstract: ... A wide variety of electrochemical sweat sensors are recently being developed for real-time monitoring of biomarkers. However, from a physiological perspective, little is known about how sweat biomarkers change over time. This paper presents a method to collect and analyze sweat to identify inter and intraindividual variations of electrolytes during exercise. A new microfluidic sweat collection system is developed which consists of a patch covering the collection surface and a sequence of reservoirs. Na+, Cl- and K+ are measured with ion chromatography afterwards. The measurements show that with the new collector, variations in these ion concentrations can be measured reliably over time.

  61. Enhanced sensitivity of planar evanescent waveguide sensors: material and sensitivity study
    Paddy French (Ed.);
    SPIE, SPIE Photonics Europe, , April 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2555354
    Keywords: ... Evanescent waveguide sensing, Sensitivity, Waveguide materials.

    Abstract: ... This paper studies two different approaches for evanescent wave optical sensing: an horizontal one and a vertical one. In horizontal waveguides, the evanescent wave is distributed on the upper cladding. While in a vertical configuration, the evanescent wave is distributed on the left and right sides of the waveguide. In an horizontal configuration the evanescent wave can be also on both sides of the waveguide in order to increase the optical energy for sensing if the substrate under the waveguide is locally removed. However, in this configuration to achieve sensitive devices, the layers have to be freestanding and thin limiting practical implementations of such approaches. Furthermore, very few materials can be defined as tall and thin in the case of a vertical configuration, as the deposition techniques often used (PECVD/LPCVD) are meant for films in the couple of micron range. In the following we will investigate the properties of the materials used but also the fabrication feasibility for both configurations.

    document

  62. Development of Sensor Tights with Integrated Inertial Measurement Units for Injury Prevention in Football, Design4Health
    Paddy French (Ed.);
    Design4Health, , July 2020.
    Keywords: ... wearable sensors; injury prevention; smart clothing.

    Abstract: ... In elite European football, 6 to 7 hamstring muscle injuries occur per team per season, which results in an absence of 14 to 180 days (Ekstrand et al. 2017). These injuries occur typically in the last part of a training or match. This implies that the accumulation of demanding actions is an important factor for hamstring injury risk. In current practice, physical player load is measured at the field by deriving the global location of the player with GPS and RFID systems. However, these systems are not able to monitor leg movement and to distinguish demanding actions like kicking, cutting and jumping.In order to monitor these actions in the field, a novel design is being developed. The design consists of five sensor nodes with IMUs (Inertial measurement units), integrated in sports tights. IMUs can measure linear accelerations, angular velocities and magnetic fields in three directions. From these measurements, 3D kinematics of the lower limbs can be derived. An iterative design approach is used to develop the tights. Four prototypes will be developed. Each prototype is tested in a football specific setting, to identify areas of improvement from a technical point of view as well as from a user’s perspective. The final aim of this research is to develop sensor tights that can be worn unobtrusively by football players in the field. Real-time data are retrieved by the coach. This allows the coach to intervene when there is a high injury risk.

    ISBN: 978-1-8381117-0-0

  63. Enhancing silicon's functionality with additional sensing/actuating layers
    PJ French (Ed.);
    IEEE, IEEE CAS 2020, , October 2020. DOI: DOI: 10.1109/CAS50358.2020.9268034
    Keywords: ... Silicon, Temperature measurement, Graphene, Sensors, Semiconductor device measurement, Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, Magnetoresistance.

    Abstract: ... This Silicon has long been known as an excellent material for electronic circuits and also for sensing and actuating. Effects such as the piezoresistive and Hall effects have long been used for sensing. However, there are a number of effects not found in silicon, such as piezoelectric and magnetoresistive. If these can be combined with electronic circuits the benefits of both sides can be combined. Many chemical sensors require additional layers as traps for ions or to react with the compound of interest. This paper will show how additional materials can enhance the silicon operation, but also discuss process compatibility issues.

  64. Single-Mode Tapered Vertical SU-8 Waveguide Fabricated by E-Beam Lithography for Analyte Sensing
    Y. Xin; G. Pandraud; Y. Zhang; P. French;
    Sensors,
    Volume 19, pp. 12, 2019. DOI: 10.3390/s19153383
    Keywords: ... E-beam lithography, evanescent sensing, single-mode, SU-8 photoresist, taper, vertical waveguide.

    Abstract: ... In this paper, we propose a novel vertical SU-8 waveguide for evanescent analyte sensing. The waveguide is designed to possess a vertical and narrow structure to generate evanescent waves on both sides of the waveguide's surface, aimed at increasing the sensitivity by enlarging the sensing areas. We performed simulations to monitor the influence of different parameters on the waveguide's performance, including its height and width. E-beam lithography was used to fabricate the structure, as this one-step direct writing process enables easy, fast, and high-resolution fabrication. Furthermore, it reduces the sidewall roughness and decreases the induced scattering loss, which is a major source of waveguide loss. Couplers were added to improve the coupling efficiency and alignment tolerance, and will contribute to the feasibility of a plug-and-play optical system. Optical measurements show that the transmission loss is 1.03 ± 0.19 dB/cm. The absorption sensitivity was measured to be 4.8 dB per refractive index unit (dB/RIU) for saline solutions with various concentrations.

  65. Heart Rate Extraction in a Headphone Using Infrared Thermometry
    Ger de Graaf; Daniel Kuratomi Cruz; Jaap Haartsen; Frank Hooijschuur; Paddy French;
    IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems,
    pp. 1--1, July 2019. DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2019.2930312
    Abstract: ... In this work we have analyzed, built and tested a novel system that uses infrared differential thermometry to detect the heart rate in the auricle. The sensor system was fitted into a commercial headphone since this work is a first step into integration of the system in a Bluetooth headset. Infrared thermography is a non-contact technique with improved user comfort and low power consumption. Positive results have been obtained after extraction of the frequency features of the bioheat transfer signal on test persons in rest. The heart rate is a vital indicator of the health state of an individual. By continuously monitoring it, the fitness and health of the cardiovascular system of a user can be analyzed and impending problematic health episodes could be addressed better.

  66. Vertical SiC taper with a small angle fabricated by slope transfer method
    Yu Xin; Gregory Pandraud; Paddy J. French;
    Electronics Letters,
    Volume 55, Issue 11, pp. 661--663, May 2019. DOI: 10.1049/el.2019.0232
    Abstract: ... In this Letter, a slope transfer method to fabricate vertical waveguide couplers is proposed. This method utilises wet etched Si as a mask, and takes advantage of dry etching selectivity between Si and SiC, to successfully transfer the profile from the Si master into SiC. By adopting this method, a <2° slope is achieved. Such a taper can bring the coupling efficiency in SiC waveguides to 80% (around 1 dB loss) or better from around 10% (10 dB loss) without taper. It further increases the alignment tolerance at the same time, which ensures the successful development of a plug-and-play solution for optical sensing. This is the first reported taper made in SiC.

  67. Single-Mode Tapered Vertical SU-8 Waveguide Fabricated by E-Beam Lithography for Analyte Sensing
    Yu Xin; Gregory Pandraud; Yongmeng Zhang; Paddy French;
    Sensors,
    Volume 19, Issue 15, pp. 3383, August 2019. DOI: 10.3390/s19153383

  68. Vertical SiC taper with a small angle fabricated by slope transfer method
    Y Xin; G Pandraud; P.J. French;
    Electronics Letters,
    Volume 55, pp. 661-663, 2019. DOI: 10.1049/el.2019.0232
    Abstract: ... In this Letter, a slope transfer method to fabricate vertical waveguide couplers is proposed. This method utilises wet etched Si as a mask, and takes advantage of dry etching selectivity between Si and SiC, to successfully transfer the profile from the Si master into SiC. By adopting this method, a <2° slope is achieved. Such a taper can bring the coupling efficiency in SiC waveguides to 80% (around 1 dB loss) or better from around 10% (10 dB loss) without taper. It further increases the alignment tolerance at the same time, which ensures the successful development of a plug-and-play solution for optical sensing. This is the first reported taper made in SiC.

  69. HEART RATE EXTRACTION IN A HEADPHONE USING INFRARED THERMOMETRY
    G. de Graaf; D. Kuratomi Cruz; J. Haartsen; F. Hooijschuur; P. French;
    IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.,
    Volume 13, Issue 5, pp. 1052-1062, 10 2019. DOI: 10.1109/TBCAS.2019.2930312
    Keywords: ... IR Sensor, heart rate, ear piece.

    Abstract: ... The heart rate is a vital indicator of the health state of an individual. By continuously monitoring it, the fitness and health of the cardiovascular system of a user can be analyzed and impending problematic health episodes could be addressed better. Existing techniques to measure heart rate, such as electrocardiogram or photoplethysmography, are either uncomfortable for the user, or are not low-power or sensitive to motion artifacts. Infrared thermography is a non-contact technique with improved user comfort and low power consumption. In this paper, we have analyzed, built, and tested a novel system that uses infrared differential thermometry to detect the heart rate in the auricle. The sensor system was fitted into a commercial headphone since this paper is a first step into integration of the system in a Bluetooth headset. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no previous work on the detection of the heart rate signal in the ear using infrared thermometry. Positive results have been obtained after extraction of the frequency features of the bioheat transfer signal on test persons in rest.

  70. Analyzing sweat to determine state of fatigue
    Miguel Thomas; Andre Bossche; Pim Groen; Jeroen Bastemeijer; Annemarijn Steijlen; Paddy French;
    In Proceedings SSI conference,
    Barcelona, Spain, April 2019.

  71. Analyzing sweat to determine state of fatigue
    Paddy French (Ed.);
    Barcelona, Spain: VDE VERLAG GMBH, Berlin, SSI Conference, , April 2019. ISBN 978-3-8007-4919-5.
    Keywords: ... Sweat, fatigue surface devices.

    Abstract: ... Sweating is a normal reaction of the body to exercise. Although much of sweat is water, there are many other components. These components can be an indication of the condition of the athlete. Increase of elements and salts in the tissue will also work their way through to the sweat. Measurement directly in tissue can be an excellent indicator, but a non-invasive approach is simpler to use and safer. Concentrations in sweat can also be an indication that the athlete is in danger of collapse. This paper looks into the components in sweat and how this change with exercise. The aim is to develop a simple, wearable system able to warn the athlete of the impending danger and prevent a potential accident.

    document

  72. IC compatible materials for sensors
    Paddy French (Ed.);
    Osaka, Japan: Scientific.net, Advanced Materials, Sciences and Engineering, , July 2019.
    Abstract: ... In cases where we can achieve integrated sensors using only layers already in the standard IC layers, the only compatibility issues may be the requirement for additional etch steps. In cases where additional layers are required, either for sensing or protection, we have to consider the compatibility of the materials. These issues can be thermal budget during processing, mechanical stress or chemical contamination. In some cases, this led to the option of hybrid, where the sensor and electronics are on separate chips, but combined in a single package. This paper will examine the development of integrated sensors, and the issues combining additional layers with a standard IC process.

  73. Coatings for sensing and protection in silicon sensors
    P.J. French;
    Advanced Materials Letters,
    Volume 9, Issue 6, pp. 392--399, May 2018. DOI: 10.5185/amlett.2018.1892
    Keywords: ... silicon sensor; coatings; harsh environments.

    Abstract: ... Silicon is an excellent material for sensing. Sensors for all signal domains can be realised, and in many cases, integrated with read-out electronics. However, in some applications an addition layer may be required for sensing and/or to protect the silicon device. Piezoelectric, polymers or magneto resistive layers can be added to expand the options of silicon. In the case of some implants, the polymer is used to protect the body from the device. In harsh chemical environments, the coating layer can be used to protect the silicon and in some cases also function as the sensor. Layers such as SiC represent a chemically resilient layer to protect the layers below, but this layer can also be used as a sensing layer. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) provides thin uniform, and pinhole free layers which can be used as protection and sensing. Other materials include graphene. In cases such as extreme temperature, it is more difficult to protect the silicon device, and in these cases the electronics must be isolated from the heat. This paper will show examples of how coating layers can enhance the sensing capabilities of silicon devices and also provide protection.

  74. Microsystems for implants
    Paddy French (Ed.);
    World Sensor Forum, China, , 2018.

  75. Micro-optics for microfluidics in biomedical applications
    Paddy French (Ed.);
    Toyama, Japan: PIERS, , 2018.

  76. Surface functionalisation of SU8 vertical waveguide for biomedical sensing: bacterial diagnostic
    Paddy French (Ed.);
    Graz, Austria: Eurosensors, , September 2018.
    Keywords: ... SU-8; vertical waveguide; biomedical sensing; surface functionalization.

    Abstract: ... In this paper, we present an SU-8 based evanescent waveguide with a vertical structure as a biomedical sensor. The waveguide is designed vertically to generate evanescent waves on both left and right surfaces for sensing. It is fabricated by E-beam lithography with only one-step process which has the advantage of a better surface quality compared with commonly used dry etching methods. Furthermore, fabrication time and cost is cut down greatly. The surface of the designed waveguide can be functionalized with antibodies to immobilize specific bacteria on it. After surface functionalization and incubation with E. coli solutions of different concentrations, the waveguides absorption was measured. The results demonstrate that the waveguide is sensitive to E. coli concentration changes. In addition, tapers were designed and added to the waveguide to relieve the alignment tolerance for the aim of making a plug-and-play bedside diagnostic system.

    document

  77. Horizontal and vertical tapered waveguides for evanescent wave sensing
    Y. Xin; X.W. Meng; G. Pandraud; L.S. Pakula; P.J. French;
    In The Conference for ICT-Research,
    Netherlands, NWO, STW and IPN, March 2017.

  78. Tapered SU8 Waveguide for Evanescent Sensing by Single–Step Fabrication
    Y. Xin; G.Pandraud; A. van Langen-Suurling; P.J. French;
    In Ravinder Dahiya, Srinvas Tadigadapa (Ed.), IEEE Sensors,
    Glasgow, UK, IEEE, IEEE Sensors Council, pp. 4, November 2017.
    Keywords: ... vertical waveguide, SU-8, Evanescent wave.

    Abstract: ... In this paper, a novel vertical waveguide made from SU8 photoresist is proposed for the first time to be used in an evanescent bio-medical optical sensor. The vertical structure increases the sensing area and can be fabricated in a one-step lithography step enabling easy and high-resolution fabrication and making this waveguide attractive in optical sensing. Tapers were added to the system improving the alignment tolerance and enabling the manufacturing of plug-and-play optical system.

    ISBN: 978-1-5090-1012-7

  79. Design and fabrication of two types of tapered waveguides for evanescent sensing
    Y. Xin; Y.M. Zhang; G. Pandraud; P.J. French;
    In International Smart System Integration,
    Cork, Ireland, mesago, March 2017.

  80. A Novel Free-standing Evanescent Waveguide for Sensing
    X.W. Meng; Y. Xin; P. J. French;
    In The COMSOL Conference,
    Rotterdam, NL, COMSOL, October 2017.

  81. Heart rate monitoring using infrared thermometry in an earpiece
    D. Kuratomi Cruz; G. de Graaf; J.C. Haartsen; F. Hooijschuur; P.J. French;
    In Ravinder Dahiya, Srinivas Tadigadapa (Ed.), 2017 IEEE SENSORS,
    IEEE, IEEE, pp. 3, November 2017.
    Keywords: ... Heart rate; Infrared Thermometry; Wavelet Transform..

    Abstract: ... Heart rate is a key factor in cardiovascular system monitoring and sports science. Some recent commercial applications use sensors in the ear but are faced with motion artifacts which corrupts the signal. Infrared thermography is a non-contact technique and may minimize motion effects with better user comfort and lower power consumption. We propose a novel system that uses infrared differential thermometry to detect the heart rate in the auricle. The signal analysis is performed using a continuous wavelet transform which extract frequency features of the bioheat transfer waveforms. Preliminary results taken from the neck provide proof of concept and similar results from the ear are expected.

    ISBN: 978-1-5090-1012-7

  82. Precision in Harsh Environments
    P.J. French; G. Krijnen; F. Roozeboom;
    Microsystems & Nanoengineering:Nature,
    Volume 2, pp. 16048, Oct 2016. DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2016.48
    Abstract: ... Microsystems are increasingly being applied in harsh and/or inaccessible environments, but many markets expect the same level of functionality for long periods of time. Harsh environments cover areas that can be subjected to high temperature, (bio)-chemical and mechanical disturbances, electromagnetic noise, radiation, or high vacuum. In the field of actuators, the devices must maintain stringent accuracy specifications for displacement, force, and response times, among others. These new requirements present additional challenges in the compensation for or elimination of cross-sensitivities. Many state-of-the-art precision devices lose their precision and reliability when exposed to harsh environments. It is also important that advanced sensor and actuator systems maintain maximum autonomy such that the devices can operate independently with low maintenance. The next-generation microsystems will be deployed in remote and/or inaccessible and harsh environments that present many challenges to sensor design, materials, device functionality, and packaging. All of these aspects of integrated sensors and actuator microsystems require a multidisciplinary approach to overcome these challenges. The main areas of importance are in the fields of materials science, micro/nano-fabrication technology, device design, circuitry and systems, (first-level) packaging, and measurement strategy. This study examines the challenges presented by harsh environments and investigates the required approaches. Examples of successful devices are also given.

  83. Generating the third dimension in flatland
    P.J. French;
    In Optofluidics 2016,
    Beijing, China, OSA, July 2016.

  84. Flexible Microsystems
    P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proceeding Smart Systems Integration,
    Munich, Germany, mesago, pp. 181-188, March 2016.

  85. Detection of Anastomotic Leakage after Colon Surgery by Evanescent Waveguide
    Y. Xin; G. Pandraud; L. Pakula; P.J. French;
    In The Conference for ICT-Research,
    Netherlands, NOW, STW and IPN, March 2016.

  86. Optimisation of Bio-medical Optical Waveguide
    Y. Xin; G. Pandraud; L. Pakula; B. Morana; P.J. French;
    In 2016 IEEE NEMS Conference,
    Matsushima, Japan, IEEE, April 2016.

  87. Flexible Microsystems
    P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proceeding Smart Systems Integration,
    Munich, Germany, mesago, pp. 181-188, March 2016.

  88. Design, Fabrication and Experiments of a Novel Standing SU-8 Evanescent Waveguide for Sensing
    Y.M. Zhang; Y. Xin; G. Pandraud; P.J. French;
    In MicroNano Conference,
    Netherlands, MinacNed, December 2016.

  89. Novel fabrication of 3D taper coupler of optical sensing waveguide
    Y. Xin; Y.M. Zhang; G. Pandraud; P.J. French;
    In Sensor Technology Conference Sense of Contact,
    Netherlands, December 2016.

  90. Combination of LPCVD and PECVD SiC in fabricating evanescent waveguides
    Yu Xin; Gregory Pandraud; Lukasz S. Pakula; Bruno Morana; Paddy J. French;
    In 2016 IEEE 11th Annual International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems (NEMS),
    April 2016. DOI: 10.1109/NEMS.2016.7758311
    Abstract: ... As a promising material in MEMS field, SiC is widely used to fabricate sensors in many applications. Considering its fabrication potential and optical properties, SiC was chosen as the core material of evanescent waveguide sensor in this paper. LPCVD and PECVD deposition were combined in fabricating the waveguide. To reduce the coupling loss and misalignment effect, 3D tapered couplers were designed to be added to the input and output of the waveguide and a novel slope transfer method was investigated to fabricate the taper slope. In initial experiments we have achieved a slope of 16.7°.

  91. Micromachined cochlear implant
    P.J. French; N. Lawand; L. Pakula; H. van Zeijl; J.H.M. Frijns; J. Braire;
    In Proceeding Smart Systems Integration,
    Copenhagen, Denmark, mesago, pp. 265-271, March 2015.

  92. Optimisation of Bio-medical Optical Waveguide
    Y. Xin; A. Purniawan; L. Pakula; G. Pandraud; P.J. French;
    In International Smart System Integration,
    Copenhagen, Denmark, mesago, March 2015.

  93. Precision in Harsh Environments
    P.J. French;
    In Microsystems & Nanoengineering Summit 2015,
    Beijing, China, IECAS, Aug 2015.

  94. Detection of Anastomotic Leakage after Colon Surgery by Evanescent Waveguide
    Y. Xin; A. Purniawan; L. Pakula; G. Pandraud; P.J. French;
    In The Conference for ICT-Research,
    Netherlands, NOW, STW and IPN, March 2015.

  95. Integrated Micromachining
    P.J. French;
    In The 7th International Conference on Sensors ASIASENSE 2015,
    Surabaya, Indonesia, ICOMMET, Oct 2015.

  96. Optical Waveguide with Freestanding Grating Couplers
    Y. Xin; A. Purniawan; G. Pandraud; L. Pakula; P. J. French;
    In IEEE Photonics Conference,
    Twente, the Netherlands, IEEE, Nov 2014.

  97. Microfabrication and characterization of single-mask silicon microlens arrays for the IR spectra
    P.N.A. Belmonte; D.W. de Lima Monteiro; R.F. de Oliveira Costa; P.J. French; G. Pandraud;
    In Micro-optics 2014,
    Brussels, Belgium, SPIE, pp. 1-7, Apr 2014.

  98. Simulation of Bio-medical Waveguide in Mechanical and Optical Fields
    Y. Xin; A. Purniawan; L. Pakula; G. Pandraud; P. J. French;
    In The COMSOL Conference,
    Cambridge, UK, COMSOL, Sep 2014.

  99. A freestanding thin film evanescent waveguide sensor for biomedical application
    Y. Xin; S.A. van’t Hof; A. Purniawan; L.S. Pakula; G. Pandraud; P.J. Trimp; P.J. French;
    In Sensor Technology Conference Sense of Contact,
    The Netherlands, March 2014.

  100. Microfabrication and characterization of single-mask silicon microlens arrays for the IR spectra
    Belmonte, PNA; de Lima Monteiro, DW; de Oliveira Costa, RF; French, PJ; Pandraud, G;
    In Micro-Optics 2014 Vol. 9130. Proceedings of SPIE- International Society for Optical Engineering,
    pp. 1-7, 2014.

  101. Reliable inkjet-printed interconnections on foil type Li-ion batteries
    N.B. Palacios Aguilera; H.A. Visser; A. Sridhar; U. Balda-Irurzun; L.D. Vargas Llona; J. Zhou; R. Akkerman; P.J. French; A. Bossche;
    IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability,
    Volume 13, Issue 1, pp. 136-145, 2013.

  102. An improved system approach towards future cochlear implants
    N.S. Lawand; W. Ngamkham; G. Nazarian; P.J. French; W.A. Serdijn; G.N. Gaydadjiev; J.J. Briaire; J.H.M. Frijns;
    In Proc. 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS (EMBC),
    Osaka, Japan, IEEE, pp. 5163-5166, July 3-7 2013.
    document

  103. Electrochemical study of potential materials for cochlear implant electrode array
    N.S. Lawand; V. Lopez; P.J. French;
    In The COMSOL Conference,
    Rotterdam, the Netherlands, COMSOL, Oct 2013.

  104. Titanium nitride (TiN) as a gate material in BiCMOS devices for biomedical implants
    N.S. Lawand; H.W. van Zeijl; P.J. French; JJ. Briaire; J.H.M. Frijns;
    In IEEE Sensors,
    Baltimore, USA, IEEE, Nov 2013.

  105. Selectivity and reusability study of functionalized ALD TiO2 evanescent wave sensors
    A. Purniawan; P.J. French; M.J.H. Almering; G. Pandraud; P.M. Sarro;
    In IEEE Sensors,
    Baltimore, USA, IEEE, Nov 2013.

  106. An improved system approach towards future cochlear implants
    N.S. Lawand; W. Ngamkham; G. Nazarian; P.J. French; W.A. Serdijn; G.N. Gaydadjiev; JJ. Briaire; J.H.M. Frijns;
    In IEEE EMBS,
    Osaka, Japan, IEEE, pp. 5163-5166, July 2013.

  107. Fabrication and optical measurements of a TiO2-ALD evanescent waveguide sensor
    A. Purniawan; G. Pandraud; T.S.Y. Moh; A. Marthen; K.A. Vakalopoulos; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    Sensors and Actuators A,
    Volume 188, pp. 127-132, Dec. 2012. DOI 10.1016/j.sna.2012.05.037.

  108. Piezo-thermal probe array for high throughput applications
    A. Gaitas; P.J. French;
    Sensors and Actuators A: Physical,
    Volume 186, pp. 125-129, 2012.

  109. Fabrication and optical measurements of a TiO2 ALD evanescent waveguide sensor
    A. Purniawan; G. Pandraud; T.S.Y. Moh; A. Marthen; K.A. Vakalopoulos; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    Sensors and Actuators A: Physical,
    Volume 188, pp. 127-132, 2012.

  110. Integrated MEMS: Opportunities \& Challenges
    P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    M Kahrizi (Ed.);
    Intech, , pp. 253-276, 2012.

  111. Integrated MEMS: Opportunities & Challenges
    P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Micromachining Techniques for Fabrication of Micro and Nano Structures,
    InTech, Feb. 2012. DOI 10.5772/31493.

  112. Surface functionalisation of TiO2 evanescent waveguide sensor for E.coli monitoring
    A. Purniawan; G. Pandraud; K.A. Vakalopoulos; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proc. SPIE: Optical Sensing and Detection II,
    Brussels, Belgium, pp. 1-6, Apr 2012. DOI 10.1117/12.922498.

  113. Long term cochlear implant electrode improvement for stimulation and sensing neuronal activity
    N.S. Lawand; P.J. French; J. Briaire; J.H.M. Frijns;
    In Proceedings 6th International Conference on Sensing Technology,
    Kolkata, India, IEEE, Dec 2012.

  114. TiN as an microelectrode material for nerve stimulation and sensing
    N.S. Lawand; P.J. French; J. Briaire; J.H.M. Frijns;
    In Annual IEEE EMBS Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine Conference,
    Hawaii, USA, IEEE, Dec 2012.

  115. Titanium nitride as a micro-electrode material for auditory nerve stimulation and sensing purposes
    N.S. Lawand; P.J. French; J. Briaire; J.H.M. Frijns;
    In Proceedings 4th International Conference on Neuroprosthetic Devices,
    Freiburg, Germany, NeuroTechZone, Nov 2012.

  116. Cochlear implant electrode development for improved implants
    N.S. Lawand; P.J. French; J. Briaire; J.H.M. Frijns;
    In Proc. Conference for ICT-Research in the Netherlands (ICT.OPEN),
    Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Oct 2012.

  117. Sub-mm size opto-mechanical couplings for fast rotational OCT-scanning
    A.J. Loeve; G. de Haan; X. Huang; R. Draisma; J. Dankelman; P.J. French;
    In Proceedings SMIT 2012,
    Barcelona, Spain, September 2012.

  118. Next generation sensors & actuators in medicine
    P.J. French;
    In 7th International Symposium on objective measures in auditory implants,
    Amsterdam, the Netherlands, September 2012.

  119. Thin titanium nitride films deposited using DC magnetron sputtering used for neural stimulation and sensing purposes
    N.S. Lawand; P.J. French; J. Briaire; J.H.M. Frijns;
    In Proceedings Eurosensors,
    Krakow, Poland, September 2012.

  120. Cochlear implant electrode development for improved implants
    N.S. Lawand; P.J. French; J. Briaire; J.H.M. Frijns;
    In Proceeding EMBS,
    San Diego, USA, August 2012.

  121. Flexible implantable sensors for long term blood pressure and blood flow measurements
    L. Pakula; P.J. Trimp; P.J. French;
    In Proceedings APCOT,
    Nanjing China, July 2012.

  122. Development of microelectrode material for nerve stimulation using TiN
    N.S. Lawand; P.J. French; J. Briaire; J.H.M. Frijns;
    In Proceeding IC-MAST-2012,
    Budapest, Hungary, May 2012.

  123. Surface functionalisation of TiO2 evanescent waveguide sensor for E.coli monitoring
    A. Purniawan; G. Pandraud; K.A. Vakalopoulos; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In SPIE Photonics Europe Conference,
    Brussels, Belgium, SPIE, April 2012.

  124. A method to calibrate spring constant of cantilevers used in scanning force microscopy
    A. Bossche; J.F.L. Goosen; H. Sadeghian Marnani; C.K. Yang; A. van Keulen; P.J. French;
    Patent, 2005687, OCT-10-039 2012.

  125. Experimental characterization of roughness induced scattering losses in PECVD SiC waveguides
    G. Pandraud; E. Margallo-Balbas; C.K. Yang; P.J. French;
    Journal of Lightwave Technology,
    Volume 29, Issue 5, pp. 744-749, 2011. DOI 10.1109/JLT.2011.2108264.

  126. PECVD silicon carbide surface micriomachining technology and selected MEMS applications
    V. Rajaraman; L. Pakula; H. Yang; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics,
    pp. 1-7, 2011.

  127. Experimental characterization of roughness induced scattering losses in PECVD SiC waveguides
    G. Pandraud; E. Margallo-Balbás; C.K. Yang; P.J. French;
    Journal of Lightwave Technology,
    Volume 29, Issue 5, pp. 744-749, 2011.

  128. Silicon probes for cochlear auditory nerve stimulation and measurement
    N.S. Lawand; P.J. French; J. Briaire; J.H.M. Frijns;
    Advanced Materials Research,
    Volume 254, pp. 82-85, 2011.

  129. Piezojunction effect: Stress influence on bipolar transistors
    J.F. Creemer; P.J. French;
    In Ultra-thin chip technology and applications,
    New York, Springer, 2011. DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7276-7.

  130. An investigation on ALD thin film evanescent waveguide sensor for biomedical application
    A. Purniawan; P.J. French; G. Pandraud; P.M. Sarro;
    In Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies (BIOSTEC 2010), Communications Computer and Information Science,
    Berlin, Springer Verlag, 2011. DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-18472-7_15.

  131. TiO2 freestanding thin film as evanescent waveguide sensor for biomedical application
    A. Purniawan; G. Pandraud; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In 16th International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference (TRANSDUCERS 2011),
    Beijing, China, pp. 2506-2509, Jun. 2011. ISBN 978-1-4577-0157-3; DOI 10.1109/TRANSDUCERS.2011.5969754.

  132. Post-operative wireless implants for monitoring, detection and treatment
    D. Subbaiyan; L. Pakula; P.J. French; J.F. Lange; J. Jeekel; G.J. Kleinrensink; H.J.C. Sterenborg; D.J. Robinson; F. van Zaane; J.G. Kaptein; K. Tang; G. Pandraud; J. van Veen; M. Draaier; K.A. Vakalapoulos;
    In 16th International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference (TRANSDUCERS 2011),
    Beijing, China, pp. 2192-2195, Jun. 2011. ISBN 978-1-4577-0157-3; DOI 10.1109/TRANSDUCERS.2011.5969390.

  133. Low power PECVD SIC delay lines for optical coherence tomography in the visible
    G. Pandraud; L. Mele; B. Morana; E. Margallo-Balbas; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In 16th International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference (TRANSDUCERS 2011),
    Beijing, China, pp. 1554-1557, Jun. 2011. ISBN 978-1-4577-0157-3; DOI 10.1109/TRANSDUCERS.2011.5969736.

  134. Design, modelling and fabrication of a 40-330 Hz dual-mass MEMS gyroscope on thick-SOI technology
    V. Rajaraman; I. Sabageh; P.J. French; G. Pandraud; E. Cretu;
    In C. Tsamis; G. Kaltas (Ed.), Proc. Eurosensors XXV,
    Athens, Greece, Procedia Engineering, pp. 647-650, Sep. 2011. DOI 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.12.161.

  135. All ALD TiO2-Al2O3-TiO2 horizontal slot waveguides for optical sensing
    A. Purniawan; P.J. French; G. Pandraud; Yujian Huang; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proc. IEEE SENSORS 2011 Conference,
    Limerick, Ireland, pp. 1954-1957, Oct. 2011. ISBN 978-1-4244-9288-6.
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  136. Silicon probes for cochlear auditory nerve stimulation and measurement
    N.S. Lawand; P.J. French; J. Briaire; J.H.M. Frijns;
    In International Conference on Materials for Advanced Technologies (ICMAT 2011),
    Singapore, June 2011.

  137. Implantable sensors: Safety and Efficiency
    P.J. French;
    In Proceedings EUROMAT 2011,
    Montpellier, France, September 2011.

  138. Shapeable Li-ion batteries as substrate: printed electronics reliability
    N.B. Palacios-Aguilera; U. Balda Irurzun; A. Sridhar; J. Bastemeijer; J.R. Mollinger; R. Akkerman; J. Zhou; P.J. French; A. Bossche;
    In International Conference on Electronics Packaging proceedings,
    Nara, Japan, pp. 844-848, April 2011.

  139. An Evanescent Waveguide Sensor Based Diagnostic of Post-Colon Surgery
    A. Purniawan; G. Pandraud; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Sensor Technology Conference Sense of Contact,
    Zeist, the Netherlands, April 2011.

  140. Post-operative wireless implants for monitoring, detection and treatment
    D. Subbaiyan; L. Pakula; P.J. French; J.F. Lange; J. Jeekel; G.J. Kleinrensink; H.J.C. Sterenborg; D.J. Robinson; F. van Zaane; J.G. kaptein; K. Tang; G. Pandraud; J. van Veen; M Draaier; K.A. Vakalapoulos;
    In 16th International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference (TRANSDUCERS 2011),
    Beijing, China, IEEE, pp. 2192-2195, 2011.

  141. Evanescent Waveguide Sensor For Post Anastomosis Evaluation
    A. Purniawan; G. Pandraud; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In J. Dankelman; P Veltink; T. van Walsum (Ed.), 3rd Dutch Biomedical Engineering,
    BME, pp. 1-1, 2011.

  142. Design, modelling and fabrication of a 40-330 Hz dual-mass MEMS gyroscope on thick-SOI technology
    V. Rajaraman; I. Sabageh; P.J. French; G. Pandraud; E. Cretu;
    In Proceedings Eurosensors XXV,
    Athens, Greece, Elsevier, pp. 4-7, September 2011.

  143. Limitations of Gluing as a Replacement of Ultrasonic Welding: Attaching Lithium Battery Contacts to PCBs
    N.B. Palacios-Aguilera; J.R. Mollinger; J. Bastemeijer; J. Zhou; P.J. French; A. Bossche;
    In 6th International Microsystems, Packaging Assembly and Circuits Technology (IMPACT),
    Taipei, Taiwan, IEEE, pp. 251-254, 2011.

  144. Design and fabrication of stiff silicon probes: A step towards sophisticated cochlear implant electrodes
    N.S. Lawand; P.J. French; J. Briaire; J.H.M. Frijns;
    In Proceedings Eurosensors XXV,
    Athens, Greece, IEEE, pp. 1012-1015, September 2011.

  145. All ALD TiO2-AI203-TiO2 horizontal slot waveguides for optical sensing
    A. Purniawan; P.J. French; G. Pandraud; Y. Huang; P.M. Sarro;
    In E. Lewis; T. Kenny (Ed.), Proceedings IEEE Sensors,
    Limerick, Ireland, IEEE, pp. 1954-1957, October 2011.

  146. Micromachined Silicon probes for cochlear auditory nerve stimulation
    N.S. Lawand; P.J. French; J. Briaire; J.H.M. Frijns;
    In MicroNano Conference 2011,
    Ede, The Netherlands, NanotextNL, pp. 1-1, November 2011.

  147. Magnetic Microheaters for Cell Separation Manipulation and Lysing
    A. Gaitas; P.J. French;
    In S. Xia; L-S Fan (Ed.), 16th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (Transducers '11),
    Beijing, China, IEEE, pp. 1184-1187, June 2011.

  148. Low power PECVD SIC delay lines for optical coherence tomography in the visible
    G. Pandraud; L. Mele; B. Morana; E. Margallo-Balbás; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In {Fan et al}, L-S (Ed.), 16th International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference (TRANSDUCERS 2011),
    Beijing, China, IEEE, pp. 1554-1557, June 2011.

  149. TiO2 freestanding thin film as evanescent waveguide sensor for biomedical application
    A. Purniawan; G. Pandraud; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In 16th International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference (TRANSDUCERS),
    Beijing, China, IEEE, pp. 2506-2509, June 2011.

  150. Micromachining: from micro to nano
    P.J. French;
    In Proceedings BIT’s 1st Annual World Congress of Nano-S&T,
    Dalian, China, BIT, pp. 1-4, October 2011.

  151. Design and simulation of silicon electrodes for cochlear auditory nerve stimulation
    N.S. Lawand; P.J. French; J. Briaire; J.H.M. Frijns;
    In 6th International Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology (MMB 2011),
    Lucerne, Switzerland, MMB, pp. 255-256, May 2011.

  152. Piezoresistive Probe Array for High Throughput Applications
    A. Gaitas; P.J. French;
    In D Tsoukalas; C Tsamis (Ed.), Eurosensors XXV,
    Elsevier, pp. 1-4, 2011.

  153. An investigation on ALD thin film evanescent waveguide sensor for biomedical application
    A. Purniawan; P.J. French; G. Pandraud; P.M. Sarro;
    In 3rd International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies (BIOSTEC 2010),
    Valencia, Spain, Springer Verlag, pp. 189-196, 2011.

  154. Development of Probes for Cochlear Implants
    N.S. Lawand; P.J. French; J. Briaire; J.H.M. Frijns;
    In Proceedings IEEE Sensors,
    Limerick, Ireland, IEEE, pp. 1827-1830, October 2011.

  155. Sensitivity Measurement of TiO2-ALD Evanescent Waveguide Sensor
    A. Purniawan; G. Pandraud; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In SAFE Conference,
    Veldhoven, the Netherland, November 2011.

  156. PECVD silicon carbide surface micriomachining technology and selected MEMS applications
    V. Rajaraman; L.S. Pakula; H. Yang; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    International journal of advances engineering sciences and applied mathematics,
    Volume 2, Issue 1-2, pp. 28-34, 2010. DOI 10.1007/s12572-010-0020-9.

  157. Some considerations of effects-induced errors in resonant cantilevers with the laser deflection method
    H. Sadeghian; C.K. Yang; K. Babaei Gavan; J.F.L. Goosen; EW.J.M. van der Drift; H.S.J. van der Zant; A. Bossche; P.J. French; F. van Keulen;
    Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering,
    Volume 20, Issue 10, pp. 105027-105036, 2010.

  158. Miniature 10 kHz thermo-optic delay line in silicon
    E. Margallo Balbas; M. Geljon; G. Pandraud; P.J. French;
    Optics Letters,
    Volume 35, Issue 23, pp. 4027-4029, 2010. http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-35-23-4027.

  159. Smart sensors: advantages and pitfalls
    P.J. French;
    NATO Science for Peace and Security Series. B: Physics and Biophysics,
    pp. 249-259, 2010.

  160. Effects of size and defects on the elasticity of silicon nanocantilevers
    H. Sadeghian Marnani; C.K. Yang; J.F.L. Goosen; A. Bossche; U. Staufer; P.J. French; F. van Keulen;
    Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering,
    Volume 20, Issue 064012, pp. 1-8, 2010.

  161. Impact of morphology on light transport in cancellous bone
    E. Margallo Balbas; P. Taroni; A. Pifferi; H.J. Koolstra; L.J. van Ruijven; P.J. French;
    Physics in Medicine and Biology,
    Volume 55, Issue 17, pp. 4917-4931, 2010.

  162. A telemetric light delivery system for metronomic photodynamic therapy (mPDT) in rats
    F. van Zaane; D. Subbaiyan; A. van der Ploeg; H.S. de Bruijn; E. Margallo Balbas; G. Pandraud; HJ.C.M. Sterenborg; P.J. French; D.J. Robinson;
    Journal of Biophotonics,
    Volume 3, Issue 5-6, pp. 347-355, 2010.

  163. Microlamp for in situ tissue spectroscopy for the dosimetry of photodynamic therapy
    J. Amor-rio; E. Margallo Balbas; B. Song; G. Pandraud; D. Subbaiyan; F. van Zaane; D.J. Robinson; H.W. Zandbergen; P.J. French;
    Procedia Engineering,
    Volume 5, pp. 323-326, 2010.

  164. Design and modeling of a flexible contact mode piezoresistive detector for a time based acceleration sensing
    V. Rajaraman; Hau Bou sing; L.A. Rocha; P.J. French; K.A.A. Makinwa;
    Procedia Engineering,
    Volume 5, pp. 1063-1066, 2010.

  165. Temperature sensitivity of silicon cantilevers' elasticity with the electrostatic pull-in instability
    H. Sadeghian Marnani; D. Yang; J.F.L. Goosen; A. Bossche; P.J. French; F. van Keulen;
    Sensors and Actuators A: Physical: an international journal devoted to research and development of physical and chemical transducers,
    Volume 162, pp. 220-224, 2010.

  166. Two types of silicon biomimetics MEMS gyroscopes
    w Cui; G. Pandraud; D.H.B. Wicaksono; Y. Chen; V. Rajaraman; P.J. French;
    conference, 2010.

  167. Optical and surface characterization of Al2O3 nanolayer deposited by atomic layer deposition as wave guide for biomedical sensor
    A. Purniawan; G. Pandraud; P.J. French; E. Margallo Balbas; P.M. Sarro;
    conference, 2010. CD.

  168. Design and modeling of a three mass, decoupled, tunable SOI-MEMS gyroscope with sense frame architecture
    I. Sabageh; V. Rajaraman; E. Cretu; P.J. French;
    conference, 2010. MME.

  169. Piezojunction effect: stress influence on bipolar transistors
    J.F. Creemer; P.J. French;
    J. Burghartz (Ed.);
    Springer, , pp. 271-285, 2010.

  170. Silicon carbide thin film encapsulation of planar thermo- electric infrared detectors for an IR microspectrometer
    V. Rajaraman; G. de Graaf; P.J. French; K.A.A. Makinwa; R.F. Wolffenbuttel;
    {van Honschoten}, J; H Verputten; H Groenland (Ed.);
    MME, , pp. 20-23, 2010.

  171. Biomimetics learning from nature to make better transducers
    P.J. French; D.H.B. Wicaksono;
    J Dell; W Wlodarski (Ed.);
    apcot, , pp. 30-31, 2010.

  172. Modeling and excitation of a thermo optical delay line for optical coherence tomography
    M. Geljon; E. Margallo Balbas; G. Pandraud; P.J. French;
    In Proc. IEEE Sensors,
    Waikoloa, Hawai, USA, pp. 991-994, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4244-8168-2; DOI 10.1109/ICSENS.2010.5690932.

  173. Pull in time based acceleration sensing
    Hau Bou sing; V. Rajaraman; L.A. Machado da Rocha; P.J. French;
    In P.J. French (Ed.), STW.ICT conference on Research in Information and Communication Technology 2010,
    STW, pp. 93-96, 2010.

  174. Biomimetics: learning from nature to make better sensors
    P.J. French; D.H.B. Wicaksono;
    In {De Lima Monteiro}, D; O Bonnaud; N Morimoto (Ed.), Microelectronics Technology and Devices - SBMicro 2009,
    Electrochemical Society, pp. 193-202, 2010.

  175. Li-ion shapeable batteries: a flexible platform for system-in-package
    N.B. Palacios Aguilera; A. Sridhar; U. Balda Irurzun; L. Giangrande; J. Bastemeijer; J.R. Mollinger; D.J. Van Dijck; J. Zhou; P.J. French; A. Bossche;
    In {French et al}, P (Ed.), Proceedings 13th SAFE Workshop of the STW.ICT Conference 2010,
    STW, pp. 131-135, 2010.

  176. Design and modelling of a decoupled, tunable SOI-MEMS gyroscope
    I. Sabageh; V. Rajaraman; E. Cretu; P.J. French;
    In {French et al}, PJ (Ed.), Proceedings 13th Workshop on Semiconductors Advances for Future Electronics,
    STW, pp. 143-147, 2010.

  177. TiO2 ALD nanolayer as evanescent waveguide for biomedical sensor applications
    A. Purniawan; P.J. French; G. Pandraud; P.M. Sarro;
    In {Jakoby et al}, B (Ed.), Proceedings Eurosensor XXIV Conference,
    Elsevier, pp. 1131-1135, 2010.

  178. Modeling and excitation of a thermo optical delay line for optical coherence tomography
    M. Geljon; E. Margallo Balbas; G. Pandraud; P.J. French;
    In T Kenny; G Fedder (Ed.), Proceedings IEEE Sensors 2010 Conference,
    IEEE, pp. 991-994, 2010.

  179. Time domain optical coherence tomography system with integrated delay line for surgical guidance applications
    M. Geljon; E. Margallo Balbas; G. Pandraud; D.H.B. Wicaksono; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings 2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC),
    IEEE, pp. 3017-3020, 2010. ISSN: 1557-170X Print ISBN: 978-1-4244-4123-5 Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE.

  180. Quantitative analysis and decoupling of mass and stiffness effects in cantilever mass sensors
    H. Sadeghian Marnani; C.K. Yang; H. Goosen; A. Bossche; P.J. French; F. van Keulen;
    In {Fedder et al}, G (Ed.), Proceedings Sensors 2010,
    IEEE, pp. 631-634, 2010.

  181. Micro-optics assembly in dental drill as a platform for imaging and sensing during surgical drilling
    D.H.B. Wicaksono; E. Margallo Balbas; G. Pandraud; P.J. French; P. Breedveld; J. Dankelman;
    In T Kenny; G Fedder (Ed.), Proceedings of the 9th IEEE Sensors Conference 2010,
    IEEE, pp. 265-268, 2010.

  182. Design and modeling of a flexible contact mode piezoresistive detector for time based acceleration sensing
    V. Rajaraman; Hau Bou sing; Luis Rocha; P.J. French; K.A.A. Makinwa;
    In B Jakoby; M.J. Vellekoop (Ed.), Eurosensors XXIV,
    Elsevier, pp. 1063-1066, 2010.

  183. Design and modelling of a three mass, decoupled, tunable SOI MEMS gyroscope with sense frame architecture
    I. Sabageh; V. Rajaraman; E. Cretu; P.J. French;
    In {van Honschoten}, J; H Verputten; H Groenland (Ed.), 21st Micromechanics and Micro systems Europe 2010,
    MME, pp. 96-99, 2010.

  184. To integrate or not to integrate
    P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In G. Fedder; T. Kenney (Ed.), Proceedings IEEE Sensors 2010,
    IEEE, pp. 2179-2185, 2010.

  185. Evaluation of encapsulation materials for glued Li ion battery contacts
    N.B. Palacios Aguilera; L. Giangrande; J. Zhou; J.R. Mollinger; J. Bastemeijer; P.J. French; A. Bossche;
    In {French et al}, P (Ed.), Proceedings of 13th SAFE Workshop of the STW.ICT Conference 2010,
    STW, pp. 127-130, 2010.

  186. Al2O3 nanolayer as evanescent waveguide for biomedical sensor application
    A. Purniawan; Y. Huang; G. Pandraud; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In {Amft et al}, O (Ed.), Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Biomedical Electronics and Devices,
    BIODEVICES, pp. 44-48, 2010. CD.

  187. ar-infrared sensor with LPCVD-deposited low-stress Si-rich nitride absorber membranes: Part 1. Optical absorptivity
    F. Jutzi; D.H.B. Wicaksono; G. Pandraud; N. de Rooij; P.J. French;
    Sensors and actuators a-physical,
    Volume 152, pp. 119-125, 2009.

  188. Far-infrared sensor with LPCVD-deposited low-stress Si-rich nitride absorber membrane: Part 2: Thermal property, and sensitivity
    F. jutzi; D.H.B. Wicaksono; G. Pandraud; N. de Rooij; P.J. French;
    Sensors and actuators a-physical,
    Volume 152, pp. 126-138, 2009.

  189. Atomic layer deposition of TiO2 photonic crystal waveguide biosensors
    E. Jardinier; G. Pandraud; H.T.M. Pham; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    Journal of physics: conference series,
    Volume 187, 2009.

  190. Atomic layer deposition TiO2 photonic crystal waveguide of biosensors
    E. Jardinier; G. Pandraud; H.T.M. Pham; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    IOP journal of physics,
    pp. 1-4, 2009.

  191. Far-infrared sensor with LPCVD-deposited low-stress Si-rich nitride absorber membrane¿Part 2: Thermal property, and sensitivity
    F. jutzi; D.H.B. Wicaksono; G. Pandraud; N. de rooij; P.J. French;
    Sensors and Actuators A: Physical: an international journal devoted to research and development of physical and chemical transducers,
    Volume 152, pp. 126-138, 2009.

  192. Far-infrared sensor with LPCVD-deposited low-stress Si-rich nitride absorber membrane-part 2.Thermal property and sensitivity
    F. jutzi; D.H.B. Wicaksono; G. Pandraud; N. de rooij; P.J. French;
    Sensors and Actuators A: Physical: an international journal devoted to research and development of physical and chemical transducers,
    Volume A152-2(2), pp. 126-138, 2009.

  193. Atomic layer deposition of TiO2 photonic crystal waveguide biosensors
    E. Jardinier; G. Pandraud; H.T.M. Pham; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    Journal of Physics: Conference Series,
    Volume 187, pp. 012043-1-0120, 2009.

  194. Far-infrared sensor with LPCVD-deposited low-stress Si-rich nitride absorber membrane¿Part 1. Optical absorptivity
    F. jutzi; D.H.B. Wicaksono; G. Pandraud; N. de rooij; P.J. French;
    Sensors and Actuators A: Physical: an international journal devoted to research and development of physical and chemical transducers,
    Volume 152, pp. 119-125, 2009.

  195. Characterizing size-dependent effective elastic modulus of silicon nanocantilevers using electrostatic pull-in instability
    H. Sadeghian Marnani; C.K. Yang; J.F.L. Goosen; E. Drift; A. Bossche; P.J. French; F. van Keulen;
    Applied Physics Letters,
    Volume 94, Issue 221903, pp. 1-3, 2009.

  196. Effects of surface stress on nanocantilevers
    H. Sadeghian Marnani; C.K. Yang; K. Babaei Gavan; J.F.L. Goosen; EW.J.M. van der Drift; H.S.J. van der Zant; A. Bossche; P.J. French; F. van Keulen;
    E-Journal of Surface Science and Nanotechnology,
    Volume 7, pp. 161-166, 2009.

  197. Monthly report 18.3 for Nissan, december 2008
    P.J. French;
    Delft University of Technology, , 2009.

  198. Monthly report 18.4 for Nissan, March 2009
    P.J. French;
    Delft University of Technology, , 2009.

  199. Wireless sensor network project PLEISTER Package label electronics including sensing talkative radio
    J. Bastemeijer; J.R. Mollinger; L. Giangrande; Berenice Palacios Aguilera; P.J. French; A. Bossche;
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  200. Surface contamination induced resonance frequency shift of cantilevers
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  201. A versatile CMOS compatible PECVD silicon carbide MEMS technology
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  202. Experimental characterisation of roughness induced scattering loss in Si and SiC waveguide sensors
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  203. Rapid scanning delay line for optical coherence tomography based on the thermo-optic effect in silicon
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  204. Robust wafer-level thin-film encapsulation of Microstructures using low stress PECVD silicon carbide
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  205. Single wafer surface micromachined field emission electron source
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  206. Bio-inspired dome-shape SiO2/SiN membrane as strain-amplifying transducer
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  207. Bio-inspired dome-shape SiO2/SiN membrane as strain-amplifying transducer
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  208. Gluing as an alternative to solder flexible batteries for its use in system-in-a-package: preliminary results
    N.B. Palacios Aguilera; J.R. Mollinger; J. Bastemeijer; J. Zhou; P.J. French; A. Bossche;
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  209. Atomic layer deposition TiO2 photonic crystal waveguide of biosensors
    E. Jardinier; G. Pandraud; H.T.M. Pham; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
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  210. SOI digital accelerometer based on pull-in time configuration
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  211. Robust wafer-level thin-film encapsulation of Microstructures using low stress PECVD silicon carbide
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  212. Biomemitics:learning from nature to make better sensors
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  213. Rapid scanning delay line for optical coherence tomography based on the thermo-optic effect in silicon
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  214. Effect of Laser Deflection on Resonant Cantilever Sensors
    C.K. Yang; A. Bossche; P.J. French; H. Sadeghian Marnani; J.F.L. Goosen; F. van Keulen; K. Babaei Gavan; H.S.J. van der Zant; EW.J.M. van der Drift;
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  215. Single wafer surface micromachined field emission electron source
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  216. Experimental characterisation of roughness induced scattering loss in Si and SiC waveguide sensors
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  217. Experimental characterisation of roughness induced scattering loss in Si and SiC waveguide sensors
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  218. Comparision of conductive glues and ultrasonic welding to contact formable batteries for its use in system-in-a-package: preliminary results
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  219. Modeling heat generation and temperature distribution for temperature sensing during dental surgical drilling
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  220. On the size-dependent elastic behavior of silicon nanocantilevers
    H. Sadeghian Marnani; C.K. Yang; J.F.L. Goosen; A. Bossche; U. Staufer; P.J. French; F. van Keulen;
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  221. Surfaces Induce Errors in Resonance-Shift Sensing
    C.K. Yang; H. Sadeghian Marnani; K. Babaei Gavan; J.F.L. Goosen; E. Drift; H.S.J. van der Zant; A. Bossche; F. van Keulen; P.J. French;
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  222. Tissue spectroscopy by regularisation of an ill-posed black-body inverse problem
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  223. Early feasibility study for MOMS-based shear stress sensing in dental drilling
    D.H.B. Wicaksono; F. Carta; P.J. French; P. Breedveld; J. Dankelman;
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  224. Size effects on the bending stiffness of silicon nanocantilevers
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    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of ProRISC 2009, 20th Annual Workshop on circuits, Systems and Signal Processing, SAFE 2009, 12th Annual Workshop on Semiconductor Advances for Future Electronics and Sensors, November 26-27, 2009, Veldhoven, The Netherlands,
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  225. Integrated sensor-packaging probe for dental drilling system:design and early fabrication results
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  226. Design and fabrication of an Al2O3 nanolayer as evanescent waveguide sensor for biomedical application
    A. Purniawan; Y. Huang; G. Pandraud; H.T.M. Pham; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
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  227. Bio-inspired dome-shape SiO2/SiN membrane as strain-amplifying transducer
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  228. Temperature Sensitivity of Silicon Cantilevers with the Pull-in Instability Method
    H. Sadeghian Marnani; C.K. Yang; J.F.L. Goosen; A. Bossche; P.J. French; F. van Keulen;
    In {Brugger, J.}; {Briand, D.} (Ed.), Proceedings of the Eurosensors XXIII Conference, 6-9 September 2009, Lausanne, Switzerland,
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  229. Temperature Sensitivity of Silicon Cantilevers with the Pull-in Instability Method
    H. Sadeghian Marnani; C.K. Yang; J.F.L. Goosen; A. Bossche; P.J. French; F. van Keulen;
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  230. Wafer-level PECVD sic micropackaging technology for MEMS devices
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  231. Study of fabrication strategies for silicon in cochlear implants
    N.S. Lawand; P.J. French; J. Briaire; J.H.M. Frijns;
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  232. System and method for micro- and nanoelectromechanical sample mass measurement
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  233. Infrared sensor comprising a golay cell
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  234. Field emission for cantilever sensors
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  235. Fabrication and characterization of a PECVD SiC evanescent wave optical sensor
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  236. Nano-structure or nano-system:opportunities and pitfalls
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  237. Further investigation of hydrogen silsesquioxane e-beam resist as etching mask for cryogenic silicon etching
    C.K. Yang; G. Pandraud; K. Babaei Gavan; EW.J.M. van der Drift; P.J. French;
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  238. Automated resonance frequency determination for nano-cantilevers using motion detection
    E. Margallo-Balbás; C.K. Yang; P.J. French;
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  239. Application of PECVD a-SiC thin-film layer for encapsulation of microstructures
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  240. Thermal property of LPCVD SiN membrane for far infrared sensor application
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  241. Design of a 2D TiO2 Photonic Crystal Waveguide Sensor
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  242. Telemetric light delivery and monitoring system for photodynamic therapy based on solid-state optodes
    E. Margallo Balbas; J.G. kaptein; HJ.C.M. Sterenborg; G. Pandraud; P.J. French; D.J. Robinson;
    In I Gannot (Ed.), Telemetric light delivery and monitoring system for photodynamic therapy based on solid-state optodes,
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  243. Rapid 3D transesophageal echocardiography using a fast rotating multiplane transducer
    K. Nathanail; M. van Stralen; C.A. Prins; F. van den Adel; P.J. French; N. de Jong; A. van der Steen; J.G. Bosch;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the IEEE symposium, Beijing 2008,
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  244. Measurement of pCO2 using HPTS-TOA for clinical applications
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  245. Fabrication of accelerometers by thin-SOI micromachining
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  246. Telemetric photonic implant for metronomic photodynamic therapy of glioblastoma
    E. Margallo-Balbás; J.G. kaptein; D. Tanase; F. van Zaane; D.J. Robinson; G. Pandraud; P.J. French; HJ.C.M. Sterenborg;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of SAFE 2008,
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  247. Thin-SOI digital accelerometer employin pull-in time mode configuration
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  248. Performance of miniaturized LPCVD-SiN-membrane-based 7-14 micrometer infrared thermal detector:analytical,modelling and experimental study
    D.H.B. Wicaksono; F. jutzi; G. Pandraud; P.J. French;
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  249. Inductively coupled system for delivery and monitoring of photodynamic therapy in a rat model for glioblastoma
    E. Margallo-Balbás; J.G. kaptein; G. Pandraud; P.J. French; HJ.C.M. Sterenborg; D.J. Robinson;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of IEEE Sensors 2008,
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  250. On chip measurement for side-wall roughness in SOI waveguides by atomic force microscopy
    C.K. Yang; E. Margallo Balbas; G. Pandraud; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of First Mediterranean Photonics Conference,
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  251. 3-D silicon carbide surface micromachined accelerometer compatible with CMOS processing
    L. Pakula; H. Yang; P.J. French;
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  252. Tissue-viability monitoring using an oxygen-tension sensor
    D. Tanase; N. komen; A. Draaijer; G.J. Kleinrensink; J. Jeekel; J.F. Lange; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of BIOSTEC 2008,
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  253. Animal studies using an oxygen-tension sensor for tissue viability monitoring
    D. Tanase; N. komen; A. Draaijer; G.J. Kleinrensink; J.F. Lange; J. Jeekel; P.J. French;
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  254. Thin-film MEMS encapsulation using low-stress PECVD silicon carbide
    V. Rajaraman; L. Pakula; H.T.M. Pham; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
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  255. 3D SiC CMOS compatible surface micromachined accelerometer
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  256. ALD Tio2 photonic crystals for biosensors
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    In sn. (Ed.), Proceedings of APCTP-ASEAN workshop on Advanced Material Science and Nanotechnology,
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  257. DRIE and bonding assisted low cost MEMS processing of inplane HAR inertial sensors
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  258. Miniature optical coherence tomography system based on silicon photonics
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  259. A thin-SOI micromachined quasi-digital accelerometer
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  260. pO2 and pCO2 measurements for the prevention and early detection of anastomotic leakage
    D. Tanase; K. Tang; N. komen; S. Van veen; A. Draaijer; G.J. Kleinrensink; J.F. Lange; J. Jeekel; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), BioMed 2008,
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  261. Integrated MEMS:when is it smart to be smart
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  262. Investigation of hydrogen silsesquioxane E-beam resist as etching mask for cryogenic silicon etching
    C.K. Yang; G. Pandraud; K. Babaei Gavan; EW.J.M. van der Drift; P.J. French;
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  263. Atomic layer deposition TiO2 photonic crystal waveguide of biosensors,
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  264. Fabrication of accelerometers by thin-SOI micromachining
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  265. Field emission for nanometre displacement sensing
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    In s.n. (Ed.), apcot, pp. 200-203, 2008.

  266. Optical and thermal properties investigation of Si-rich nitride membrane for bio-inspired far infrared sensor applications
    D.H.B. Wicaksono; F. jutzi; G. Pandraud; N.F. de Rooij; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), apcot, pp. 397-400, 2008.

  267. Optical absorptivity of LPCVD SiN membrane in 8-14 micrometer wavelength region for far infrared sensor application
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  268. A novel method for nanoprecision alignment in wafer bonding applications
    L.D. Jiang; G. Pandraud; P.J. French; S.M. Spearing; M. kraft;
    Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering,
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  269. PDL free plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition SIC optical waveguides and devices
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    Volume 269, Issue 2, pp. 338-345, 2007.

  270. PECVD SiC optical waveguide loss and mode characteristics
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  271. Shape based monte carlo code for light transport in complex heterogenous tissues (U_SP_2_I_IC_T)
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  272. Nissan report June 2007
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  273. Nissan report september 2007
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  274. Modelling of bio-inspired IR sensor
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  275. Learning from nature (U_SP_2_I_IC_T)
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  276. Summary of progressand plan biomimetic far infrared sensor
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  277. Learning from nature
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  278. Short progress status report bio-inspired MEMS far-infrared sensor for night vision application
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  279. The design and modelling of bio-inspired cheap MEMS far infrared sensor (FIR) for night vision application
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  280. Nissan report march 2007
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  281. A Thermooptical delay line for optical coherence tomography: FEM evaluation of temporal performance
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  282. An optical sensor system for early bacteria detection in drain fluids
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  283. PECVD silicon carbide waveguides for multichannel sensors
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  284. Post-processing micromachined pull-in accelerometer
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  285. Wafer bonding with nanoprecision alignment for micro/nano systems
    L. Jiang; G. Pandraud; P.J. French; S.M. Spearing; M. kraft;
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  286. SOG fabrication of bulk micromachined and bonded capacitive inertial sensor structures (U_SP_2_I_IC_T)
    V. Rajaraman; G. Craciun; H. Yang; EW.J.M. van der Drift; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), SOG fabrication of bulk micromachined and bonded capacitive inertial sensor structures,
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  287. Design and modelling of a bio-inspired MEMS gyroscope
    D.H.B. Wicaksono; Y. Chen; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICEEI2007),
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  288. Field emission as transducer for sub-micron and nano resonators
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    In S. Lee; M Esashi (Ed.), Proceedings of the 5th IEEE Conference on Sensors 2006,
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  289. Oxygen-tension measurements -the first step towards prevention and early detection of anastomotic leakage
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  290. Modelling, design and fabrication of a bio-inspired MEMS vibratory gyroscope (U_SP_2_I_IC_T)
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    In s.l. (Ed.), Modelling, design and fabrication of a bio-inspired MEMS vibratory gyroscope.,
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  291. PECVD silicon carbide waveguides for multichannel sensors
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  292. Optical absorptivity and thermal property of LPCVD-deposited low-stress Si-rich nitride membrane for far-infrared sensor
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    SAFE, pp. 482-487, 2007.

  293. Fabrication of a SOG-MEMS vibratory gyroscope by deep RIE technology and bonding (U_SP_2_I_IC_T)
    V. Rajaraman; G. Craciun; H. Yang; L. Pakula; EW.J.M. van der Drift; K.A.A. Makinwa; P.J. French;
    In {A. Liu, J.Wu, C. Lu}; {C.D. Reddy} (Ed.), MEMS Technology and Devices,
    pan Stanford, pp. 238-241, 2007.

  294. Design of a biologically-inspired piezoresistive strain-sensing MEMS (U_SP_2_I_IC_T)
    D.H.B. Wicaksono; V. Rajaraman; P.J. French;
    In {A. Liu, J.Wu, C.Lu, C.D. Reddy} (Ed.), MEMS Technology and Devices,
    Pan Stanford publishing, pp. 340-343, 2007.

  295. On the initial design and simulation of a biologically-inspired MEMS gyroscope (U_SP_2_I_IC_T)
    D.H.B. Wicaksono; Y. Chen; V. Rajaraman; L. Pakula; P.J. French;
    In {A.Liu, J. Wu, C. Lu, C.D. Reddy} (Ed.), MEMS Technology and Devices,
    Pan Stanford publishing, pp. 336-339, 2007.

  296. Field emission for sensor applications
    C.K. Yang; EW.J.M. van der Drift; P.J. French;
    In G.C.M. Meyer (Ed.), Field emission for sensor applications,
    Sense of Contact 2009, pp. 1-6, 2007.

  297. Optical characterization of bone tissue for diffusion optical tomography applied to skeletal implants
    E. Margallo-Balbás; P.J. French; A. Pifferi; P. Taroni; D. Comelli; A. Farina; R. Cubbedu; A.J. Van veen; {Van Ruijven}, L.J.; ThH. Smit;
    In s.n. (Ed.), International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference, 2007. TRANSDUCERS 2007.,
    IEEE, pp. 219-223, 2007.

  298. DRIE assisted HAR MEMS processing of inertial sensors and actuators
    V. Rajaraman; S.L. Paalvast; G. Craciun; J.C. Wolff; K.A.A. Makinwa; P.J. French;
    In s.l. (Ed.), Book of Abstracts - 18th Workshop on MicroMechanics Europe, MME 2007,
    MME, pp. 333-336, 2007.

  299. Modelling, design and fabrication of a bio-inspired MEMS vibratory gyroscope
    Y. Chen; D.H.B. Wicaksono; L. Pakula; V. Rajaraman; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Book of Abstracts - 18th Workshop on MicroMechanics Europe, MME 2007,
    MME, pp. 199-202, 2007.

  300. Early stages on design and simulation ofa silicon bio-inspired MEMS vibratory gyroscope
    Y. Chen; D.H.B. Wicaksono; P.J. French;
    In s.l. (Ed.), Early stages on design and simulation ofa silicon bio-inspired MEMS vibratory gyroscope,
    Sense of Contact 2009, pp. 1-5, 2007.

  301. Inductively powered implant for monitoring and application of telemetric metronomic photodynamic therapy
    J.G. kaptein; E. Margallo-Balbás; D. Tanase; P.J. French; D.J. Robinson;
    In s.n. (Ed.), SAFE,
    SAFE, pp. 1-4, 2007.

  302. Thermo-optical delay line for optical coherence tomography
    E. Margallo-Balbás; G. Pandraud; P.J. French;
    In L Dong; Y Katagiri; E Higurashi; H Toshiyoshi; Y-A Peter (Ed.), SPIE, pp. 1-9, 2007.

  303. Field Emission for Cantilever Sensing
    C.K. Yang; A.J. le Fèbre; G. Pandraud; EW.J.M. van der Drift; P.J. French;
    In P.J. French (Ed.), Safe 2007,
    Technology Foundation, pp. 1-4, 2007.

  304. A dome-shape bio-inspired piezoresistive MEMS strain sensor
    D.H.B. Wicaksono; G. Pandraud; L. Pakula; V. Rajaraman; P.J. French; J.F.V. Vincent;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICEEI2007),
    Institut Teknologi Bandung, pp. 464-467, 2007.

  305. Actuated elastometers with rigid vertical electrodes
    G.K. Lau; J.F.L. Goosen; F. van Keulen; P. French; P.M. Sarro;
    J. Micromech and Microeng.,
    Volume 16, Issue 6, pp. 35-44, 2006.

  306. Actuated elastometers with rigid vertical electrodes
    G.K. Lau; J.F.L. Goosen; F. van Keulen; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering,
    Volume 16, Issue 6, pp. 35-44, 2006.

  307. Polarization-insensitive PECVD SiC waveguides for sensor platform
    G. Pandraud; P.J. French; H.T.M. Pham; P.M. Sarro;
    Optical Materials,
    Volume 28, Issue 4, pp. 380-384, 2006.

  308. Development of Micro-navigation system for satellites (MISAT/Microned) (U-SP-2-I-ICT)
    L. Pakula; P.J. French;
    MISAT/MicroNed, Volume MISAT , 2006.

  309. Feasibility study for the design and the development of Bio-inspired small and Inexpensive Far Infrared Sensor for Night Vision Application (U-SP-2-I-ICT)
    D.H.B. Wicaksono; P.J. French;
    Toyota Motor Company, , 2006.

  310. Nissan report dec 2006
    P.J. French;
    Nissan, , 2006.

  311. Learning from Nature: Report for the users committe meeting (U-SP-2-I-ICT)
    D.H.B. Wicaksono; D. Tanase; P.J. French;
    STW, Volume STW report , 2006.

  312. Learning from nature
    D.H.B. Wicaksono; D. Tanase; P.J. French;
    OTB-RES-VI Transport and Infrastructure, , 2006.

  313. Monthly Report (16.1) June 2006
    P.J. French;
    NO, , 2006.

  314. Nissan report dec 2006
    P.J. French;
    Nissan, , 2006.

  315. Development of post processing modules for integrated sensors and actuators applications (U-SP-2-I-ICT)
    L. Pakula; G. Pandraud; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    STW, Volume STW , 2006.

  316. Monthly Report 15.4 (march 2006)
    P.J. French;
    NO, , 2006.

  317. Monthly Report (15.3) December 2005
    P.J. French;
    NO, , 2006.

  318. Monthly Report (16.2) september 2006
    P.J. French;
    NO, , 2006.

  319. Micromachining technology: bulk micromachining (Chapter 15, MEMS, A practical guide to design, analysis and applications)
    P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    JG Korvinck; O Paul (Ed.);
    William Andrew Publishing, , pp. 805-851, 2006.

  320. Light Transport in Trabecular Bone: Monte Carlo Simulation based on 3D Triangle Meshes (U-SP-2-I-ICT)
    Eduardo Margallo-Balbás; P.J. French; P.A. Wieringa;
    {Michael J. Flynn}; {Jiang Hsieh} (Ed.);
    SPIE, , pp. 1-12, 2006.

  321. Micromachining Technology: Bulk micromachining
    P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In MEMS, A practical guide to Design, Analysis and Applications,
    Norwich, NY, USA, William Andrew Publishing, 2006.

  322. Fabrication and characteristics of a PECVD SiC evanescent wave optical sensor
    G. Pandraud; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In P.Enoksson (Ed.), Proc. Eurosensors XX,
    Goteborg, Sweden, Sept. 2006.
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  323. Direct wafer bonding of processed LPCVD silicon nitride films
    C.L. Hsu; J.F. Creemer; G. Pandraud; J.C. Wolff; B.J. Thijsse; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    In H. Morgan (Ed.), Proc. 17th MicroMechanics Europe (MME 2006),
    Southampton, UK, pp. 89-92, Sept. 2006.
    document

  324. Fly's Proprioception-inspired micromachined strain-sensing structure: Idea, design,modelling and simulation and comparison with experimental results (U-SP-2-I-ICT)
    D.H.B. Wicaksono; L. Zhang; G. Pandraud; P.J. French; J.F.V. Vincent;
    In {Francis E.H.tay, Miao Jianmin}; {John Bergstrom, Ciprian Iliesc} (Ed.), s.l., pp. 336-341, 2006.

  325. A comparison of PECVD silicon carbide and silicon nitride as materials for optical chemical sensing (U-SP-2-I-ICT)
    G. Pandraud; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In P. Enoksson (Ed.), Proceedings of the The 20th European Conference on Solid-State Transducers (Eurosensors XX,
    Eurosensors, pp. 1-4, 2006.

  326. Nanoprecision alignment for wafer bonding (U-SP-2-I-ICT)
    G. Pandraud; P.J. French; Jiang Liudi; S.M. Spearing; M. kraft;
    In R.F. Wolffenbuttel (Ed.), Proceedings of the The 17th Micromechanics Europe Workshop, MME'06,
    MME, pp. 1-4, 2006.

  327. Direct bonding of processed LPCVD silicon nitride films (U-SP-2-I-ICT)
    G. Pandraud; P.J. French; C.L. Hsu; J.F. Creemer; J.C. Wolff; B.J. Thijsse; P.M. Sarro;
    In R.F. Wolffenbuttel (Ed.), Proceedings of the The 17th Micromechanics Europe Workshop, MME'06,
    MME, pp. 1-4, 2006.

  328. Optical Analysis of Bone growth in a spinal cage: A Monte Carlo Evaluation of the Direct Problem (U-SP-2-I-ICT)
    E. Margallo Balbas; H. Ruano-Suarez; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Sense of Contact VIII,
    STW, pp. 1-5, 2006.

  329. Preliminary Study on the Design of a Silicon Bio-inspired MEMS Gyroscope (U-SP-2-I-ICT)
    Yue chen; D.H.B. Wicaksono; L. Zhang; P.J. French;
    In P.J. French; {de Meyer}, K; W Krautschneider; J Schmitz; L.K. Nanver; {van de Sande}, MCM (Ed.), Proceedings of the 9th annual workshop on Semiconductor Advances for Future Electronics and Sensors 2006,
    SAFE, pp. 379-383, 2006.

  330. Strain Amplifying property of Bioinspired Membrane-in-Recess Microstructure: Analytical Modelling (U-SP-2-I-ICT)
    Yue chen; D.H.B. Wicaksono; L. Zhang; P.J. French; J.F.V. Vincent;
    In P.J. French; W Krautschneider; J Schmitz; L.K. Nanver; {de Meyer}, K; {van de Sande}, MCM (Ed.), Proceedings of the 9th annual workshop on Semiconductor Advances for Future Electronics and Sensors 2006,
    SAFE, pp. 373-378, 2006.

  331. A pull-in operation mode accelerometer (U_SP_2_I_IC_T)
    L. Pakula; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 5th IEEE Conference on Sensors 2006,
    IEEE, pp. 1127-1130, 2006.

  332. Diffuse optical tomography in a spinal cage: Monte carlo simulation and invitro studies ((U_SP_2_I_IC_T)
    E. Margallo-Balbás; ThH. Smit; P.J. French;
    In Proceedings of the 5th IEEE Conference on Sensors 2006,
    IEEE, pp. 62-65, 2006.

  333. Multi-Sensor Cardiac-Output Investigations in Intensive care (U-SP-2-I-ICT)
    D. Tanase; A. Firouzian; B.P. Iliev; G. Pandraud; Z. Chang; P.J. French; G.A.M. Pop;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on microtechnologies in medicine and biology,
    IEEE, pp. 52-55, 2006.

  334. Influence of Structural Parameters on Stress/Strain Amplification property of Biomimetics Membrane-in-Recess Si Microstructure (U-SP-2-I-ICT)
    D.H.B. Wicaksono; L. Zhang; Yue chen; P.J. French; N. Gharbage;
    In P.J. French; {de Meyer}, K; W Krautschneider; {van de Sand}, MCM; J Schmitz; L.K. Nanver (Ed.), Proceedings of the 17th ProRISC, Annual Workshop on Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing (ProRISC 2006),
    SAFE, pp. 398-403, 2006.

  335. Direct wafer bonding of processed LPCVD silicon nitride films
    C.L. Hsu; J.F. Creemer; G. Pandraud; J.C. Wolff; B.J. Thijsse; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 17th MME MicroMechanics Europe Workshop,
    H.Morgan Ed., pp. 89-92, 2006.

  336. Low Voltage, High Speed RF-Switch with High On-Off Capacitance Ratio (U-SP-2-I-ICT)
    L. Pakula; P.J. French; H. Yang;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of APCOT 2006,
    apcot, pp. 1-5, 2006.

  337. Feasibility study on Field Emission Nano-Tip for Sensors (U-SP-2-I-ICT)
    C.K. Yang; P.J. French; EW.J.M. van der Drift;
    In STW (Ed.), Proceedings of the 9th annual workshop on Semiconductor Advances for Future Electronics and Sensors 2006,
    s.l., pp. 404-407, 2006.

  338. Planar Sensor Structures for Whole Blood Viscosity Measurements
    A. Firouzian; D. Tanase; B.P. Iliev; Z. Chang; W.A. Van Duyl; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Planar Sensor Structures for Whole Blood Viscosity Measurements,
    SAFE, pp. 1-4, 2006.

  339. Numerical Modelling of Biomimetics Strain-sensing Microstructure (U-SP-2-I-ICT)
    D.H.B. Wicaksono; L. Zhang; Yue chen; P.J. French; N. Gharbage; J.F.V. Vincent;
    In {Peter Enoksson} (Ed.), Numerical Modelling of Biomimetics Strain-sensing Microstructure,
    Eurosensors, pp. 1-4, 2006.

  340. Fabrication and characteristics of PECVD SiC evanescent wave optical sensor (U-SP-2-I-ICT)
    G. Pandraud; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In s.n. (Ed.), fabrication and characteristics of PECVD SiC evenescent wave optical sensor,
    Eurosensors, pp. 1-4, 2006.

  341. Microsensors for Multiple-parameter Medical Measurements (U-SP-2-I-ICT)
    D. Tanase; A. Firouzian; P.J. French; J.F.L. Goosen;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Microsensors for Multiple-parameter Medical Measurements,
    s.l., pp. 63-72, 2006.

  342. Vitality Sensor
    P.J. French; D. Tanase; J.F. Lange; J. Jeekel; G.J. Kleinrensink;
    2006.

  343. A porous SiC ammonia sensor
    E.J. Connolly; B. Timmer; T.M.H. Pham; J. Groeneweg; P.M. Sarro; W. Olthuis; P.J. French;
    Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical: international journal devoted to research and development of physical and chemical transducers,
    Volume 109, Issue 1, pp. 44-46, 2005. 50/50 EI/ECTM-sb.

  344. Biomimetic strain-sensing microstructure for improved strain sensor: fabrication results and optical characterization
    D.H.B. Wicaksono; J.F.V. Vincent; G. Pandraud; G. Craciun; P.J. French;
    Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering,
    Volume 15, pp. 72-81, 2005.

  345. Experimental study of bent SiC optical waveguides
    G. Pandraud; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    Microwave & Optical Technology Letters,
    Volume 47, Issue 3, pp. 219-220, 2005. 100% EI, sb.

  346. Learning from nature
    D.H.B. Wicaksono; D. Tanase; P.J. French;
    STW, Volume STW Report , 2005.

  347. Development of post processing micromachining modules for integrated sensors and actuators applications
    T.M.H. Pham; L. Pakula; G. Pandraud; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    STW, Volume STW meeting , 2005.

  348. Low voltage, high speed RF switch with high switching capacitance ratio (U-SP-2-I-ICT)
    L. Pakula; P.J. French; H. Yang;
    s.n. (Ed.);
    s.l., , pp. 1-4, 2005. NEO.

  349. Steering of catheters
    D. Tanase; P.J. French;
    J. Dankelman; C.A. Grimbergen; HG Stassen (Ed.);
    Erlbaum, , pp. 228-251, 2005.

  350. Sensors for catheters and guidewires
    P.J. French; J.F.L. Goosen; J.J. Piek;
    J. Dankelman; C.A. Grimbergen; HG Stassen (Ed.);
    Lawrence Erlbaum, , pp. 254-270, 2005. BTA foutief 0 toegekend, sb.

  351. A new ammonia sensor based on a porous SiC membrane
    E.J. Connolly; B. Timmer; H.T.M. Pham; J. Groeneweg; P.M. Sarro; W. Olthuis; P.J. French;
    In Proc. Transducers 2005,
    2005.
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  352. An ammonia sensor based on a porous SiC membrane
    E.J. Connolly; B. Timmer; H.T.M. Pham; J. Groeneweg; P.M. Sarro; W.Olthuis; P.J. French;
    In Proc. Eurosensors XIX,
    2005.
    document

  353. Actuated elastometers with rigid vertical electrodes
    G.K. Lau; J.F.L Goosen; F. van Keulen; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proc. MME 2005,
    pp. 382-385, 2005.

  354. Suspended submicron SiC waveguides for gas and chemical sensor
    G. Pandrau; C.K. Yang; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proc. Eurosensors XIX,
    2005.
    document

  355. Compact building blocks for optical sensing on PECVD SiC technology
    G. Pandraud; D.H.B. Wicaksono; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In s.n. (Ed.), ICICI proceedings,
    ICICI, pp. 453-458, 2005. Editor onbekend JH /100% EI.

  356. A new ammonia sensor based on porous SIC membrane
    E.J. Connolly; B. Timmer; T.M.H. Pham; J. Groeneweg; P.M. Sarro; W. Olthuis; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Transducers'05 Digest of technical papers,
    IEEE, pp. 1832-1835, 2005. Editor onbekend JH 50/50 EI/ECTM.

  357. Planar sensor structures for whole blood viscosity measurements
    A. Firouzian; D. Tanase; B.P. Iliev; Z.Y. Chang; W.A. van Duyl; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), SAFE 14cdd3a0a38d424c902ad9ad027edbb9 ProRISC,
    Dutch Technology Foundation, pp. 151-154, 2005. Editor onbekend JH/STW.

  358. Simple optical characterisation for biopmimetic micromachined silicon strain-sensing structure
    D.H.B. Wicaksono; G. Pandraud; P.J. French;
    In C Quan; FS Chau; A Asundi; BS Wong; CT Lim (Ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Experimental Mechanics (ICEM 2004),
    SPIE, pp. 788-795, 2005.

  359. Field-emission nano-tip for microresonator detection
    C.K. Yang; G. Pandraud; EW.J.M. van der Drift; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the STW programs,
    STW, pp. 181-185, 2005. Editor onbekend JH/STW.

  360. Low temperature LPCVD SiN direct bonding for sensors
    C.L. Hsu; G. Pandraud; J.F. Creemer; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the STW annual workshop on semiconductor advances for future electronics and sensors (SAFE 2005),
    Dutch Technology Foundation, pp. 162-166, 2005. Bij EWI gehonoreerd als 1V / 100% EI.

  361. 3D Hall-effect sensor for use in a navigation system for intravascular interventions
    L.B. Hebrard; D. Tanase; G. Pandraud; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Sense of Contact 7 workshop,
    Sence of Contact, pp. 1-6, 2005. Editor onbekend JH.

  362. An ammonia sensor based on porous SiC
    E.J. Connolly; B. Timmer; T.M.H. Pham; J. Groeneweg; P.M. Sarro; W. Olthuis; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Sense of Contact 7 workshop,
    Sense of Contact 2009, pp. 1-4, 2005. Editor onbekend JH/ 100% EI.

  363. Investigation of multi-sensor techniques for cardiac-output measurements in intensive care
    D. Tanase; B.P. Iliev; J.F.L. Goosen; Z.Y. Chang; G.A.M. Pop; J.M.M. Verwiel; C.J. Slager; L. Pakula; G.C.M. Meijer; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 3rd annual International IEEE EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology,
    IEEE, pp. 122-125, 2005. Editor onbekend JH.

  364. Optical measurements on drain fluid for the detection of anastomotic leakage
    L. Pakula; D. Tanase; G. de Graaf; P.J. French; K. Kraal; J.F. Lange;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 3rd annual International IEEE EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology,
    IEEE, pp. 72-75, 2005. Editor onbekend JH.

  365. Induced coupled plasma deep reactive ion etching based sensors
    G. Pandraud; D.H.B. Wicaksono; L.B. Hebrard; A.J.L. Adam; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 16th MME MicroMechanics Europe Workshop,
    s.n., pp. 68-71, 2005. Editor onbekend JH.

  366. Microsensors
    P.J. French; D. Tanase; J.F.L. Goosen;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1st International Medical Technology Congress "High Tech in Medicine",
    s.n., pp. 1-8, 2005. Editor onbekend JH.

  367. On detection of micro and submicron cantilevers
    C.K. Yang; K. Babaei Gavan; G. Pandraud; A.J. Katan; EW.J.M. van der Drift; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 16th MME MicroMechanics Europe Workshop,
    s.n., pp. 316-319, 2005. Editor onbekend JH.

  368. Actuated elastomers with rigid vertical electrodes
    G.K. Lau; J.F.L. Goosen; A. van Keulen; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 16th MME MicroMechanics Europe Workshop,
    Chalmers University of Technology, pp. 382-385, 2005. Editor onbekend - IT.

  369. Smart microsystems technology for biomedical applications
    P.J. French; D. Tanase; J.F.L. Goosen;
    In RV Krishnan; R Sudaram; GM Kamath (Ed.), Proceedings of ISSS 2005, International Conference on Smart Materials Structures and Systems,
    ISSS, pp. PP-5-PP-8, 2005.

  370. Image processing and interpretation for optical characterisation of biomimetic mechanical-strain-sensing microstructure
    D.H.B. Wicaksono; G. Pandraud; P.J. French;
    In S Yudha; A Suparmanto (Ed.), ICICI proceedings,
    ICICI, pp. 341-346, 2005.

  371. Biomedical sensors
    P.J. French; D. Tanase; J.F.L. Goosen;
    In s.n. (Ed.), ICICI proceedings,
    ICICI, pp. 8-11, 2005. Editor onbekend JH.

  372. Low voltage high speed rf switch
    L. Pakula; H. Yang; P.J. French;
    In {R Reus}, de; {S Bouwstra} (Ed.), Eurosensors XIX, proceedings,
    IEEE, pp. 1-4, 2005. Editor onbekend.

  373. An ammonia sensor based on porous SIC membrane
    E.J. Connolly; B. Timmer; T.M.H. Pham; J. Groeneweg; P.M. Sarro; W. Olthuis; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Eurosensors XIX, Proceedings,
    IEEE, pp. 1-4, 2005. Editor onbekend JH /100% EI.

  374. Size-dependency of cryo-icp-etching-based process for the fabrication of biomimetic membrane-in-recess microstructure
    D.H.B. Wicaksono; G. Pandraud; G. Craciun; P.J. French;
    In {R Reus}, de; {S Bouwstra} (Ed.), Eurosensors XIX, proceedings,
    IEEE, pp. 1-4, 2005. Editor onbekend.

  375. The 3-D Hall-effect sensor optimized thru backside deep etching
    L.B. Hebrard; G. Pandraud; J.B. kammerer; D. Tanase; P.J. French;
    In {R Reus}, de; {S Bouwstra} (Ed.), Eurosensors XIX, proceedings,
    IEEE, pp. 1-4, 2005. Editor onbekend JH.

  376. Suspended submicron PEVCD SiC waveguides for gas and chemical sensors
    G. Pandraud; C.K. Yang; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Eurosensors XIX,
    IEEE, pp. 1-4, 2005. 100% EI, sb.

  377. Biomedical sensors overview
    P.J. French; D. Tanase; J.F.L. Goosen;
    In s.n. (Ed.), DISens symposium-book-2005,
    Technische Universiteit Delft, pp. 6-10, 2005. Editor onbekend JH.

  378. PECVD SIC RIB channel waveguides loss and passive devices
    G. Pandraud; T.M.H. Pham; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), ECIO'05 proceedings,
    s.n., pp. 262-265, 2005. Editor onbekend JH.

  379. Polarization-insensitive PECVD SiC waveguides for photonic sensing
    G. Pandraud; T.M.H. Pham; L. Pakula; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    In M Voet; R Willsch; W Ecke; J Jones; B Culshaw (Ed.), 17th International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors,
    SPIE, pp. 836-839, 2005. 100% EI, sb.

  380. Surgical drill system and surgical drill bit to be used
    P.J. French;
    2005.

  381. Vitaliteitssensor
    P.J. French;
    2005. Lijst Liewe OCT-05-009; NL2005/00508; Lijst Liewe OCT-05-009.

  382. Relative humidity sensors using porous SiC membranes and Al electrodes
    E. J. Connolly; H. T. M. Pham; J. Groeneweg; P. M. Sarro; P. J. French;
    Sensors and Actuators B,
    Volume 100, Issue 1-2, 2004, pp. 216-220, 2004.

  383. Fabrication of a CMOS compatible pressure sensor for harsh environment
    L.S.Pakula; H.Yang; H.T.M.Pham; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    J. Micromech. Microeng.,
    Volume 14, Issue 11, pp. 1478-1483, 2004.

  384. The saturation current of silicon bipolar transistors at moderate stress levels and its relation to the energy-band structure
    J.F. Creemer; P.J. French;
    Journal of Applied Physics,
    Volume 96, Issue 8, pp. 4530-4538, 2004.

  385. Galvanic etch stop for Si in KOH
    E. Connolly; P.J. French; J.J. Kelly;
    Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering,
    Volume 14, pp. 1215-1219, 2004.

  386. Fabrication of a CMOS compatible pressure sensor for harsh environments
    L. Pakula; H. Yang; T.M.H. Pham; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering,
    Volume 14, pp. 1478-1483, 2004. ed.is niet bekend.

  387. Sensors for catheter applications
    P.J. French; D. Tanase; J.F.L. Goosen;
    Sensors Update,
    Volume 13, Issue 1, pp. 107-153, 2004. ed. is Allen, M en Crooks, RM.

  388. Relative humidity sensors using porous SiC membranes and Al electrodes
    E. Connolly; H.M.T. Pham; J. Groeneweg; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical: international journal devoted to research and development of physical and chemical transducers,
    Volume 100, pp. 216-220, 2004. 50-50 EI-ECTM.

  389. Magnetic-based navigation system for endovascular interventions
    D. Tanase; J.F.L. Goosen; N.H. Bakker; P.J. Trimp; J.A. Reekers; P.J. French;
    Klinische Fysica,
    Issue 1, pp. 3-7, 2004.

  390. Learning from nature
    D.H.B. Wickasono; D. Tanase; P.J. French;
    EI Lab, Delft University of Technology, , 2004.

  391. Development of post processing micromachining modules for integrated sensors and actuators applications
    T.M.H. Pham; L. Pakula; G. Pandraud; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    Delft University of Technology - EI/ECTM-DIMES, Volume STW - DMF.5103 , 2004.

  392. Monthly report 13.4 March 2004
    P.J. French;
    s.n., , 2004.

  393. Technology of silicon-based liquid crystal wavefront correctors
    G.V. Vdovin; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro; M. Loktev; X. Zhang; A.N. Simonov;
    Delft University of Technology, , 2004.

  394. The development of micromachined humidity sensors based on a dielectric of porous silicon
    E. Connolly; P.J. French;
    Delft University of Technology, , 2004.

  395. Development of dry etch technology for intelligent micromachined devices
    G. Craciun; EW.J.M. van der Drift; P.J. French;
    Delft University of Technology, , 2004.

  396. Monthly report 14.1 June 2004
    P.J. French;
    s.l., , 2004.

  397. Sensors for catheter applications
    P.J. French; D. Tanase; J.F.L. Goosen;
    H. Baltes; GK Fedder; J.G. Korvink (Ed.);
    Wiley, , pp. 107-153, 2004. niet eerder opgevoerd JH.

  398. Steering of catheters
    N.H. Bakker; D. Tanase; J.A. Reekers; P.J. French; C.A. Grimbergen;
    J. Dankelman; C.A. Grimbergen; HG Stassen (Ed.);
    Erlbaum, , pp. 228-251, 2004.

  399. Design and preliminary fabrication of a new micromachined silicon strain sensor based on the campaniform sensillum of insects
    D.H.B. Wickasono; G. Pandraud; G. Craciun; J.F.L. Goosen; W.A. van Duyl; J.F.V. Vincent; P.J. French;
    The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, , pp. 437-442, 2004. ed. is niet bekend.

  400. Integrated microsystems in the macro-world
    P.J. French;
    AIAA, , pp. 1-10, 2004. ed. is niet bekend.

  401. Integrated microsystems industrial applications
    P.J. French;
    In IWONN'04; Proceedings of the Second international workshop on nanophysics and nanotechnology,
    s.n., pp. 1-10, 2004.

  402. Fabrication results and qualitative optical characterisation of a new type biomimetric strain-sensing micro-structures
    D.H.B. Wickasono; G. Pandraud; G. Craciun; J.F.V. Vincent; P.J. French;
    In MME 2004; Proceedings of the 15th micromechanics Europe workshop,
    s.n., pp. 80-83, 2004. ed. is niet bekend.

  403. Relative humidity sensors for harsh enviroments
    E. Connolly; H.M.T. Pham; J. Groeneweg; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    In G.C.M. Meijer (Ed.), The sense of contact VI; sensor workshop for industry and science,
    s.n., pp. 1-6, 2004.

  404. Surface micromachined CMOS compatible vertical accelerometer
    L. Pakula; H. Yang; P.J. French;
    In The sense of contact 6: where industry meets science workshop sensortechnology,
    s.n., pp. 1-4, 2004. ed. is niet bekend.

  405. CMOS compatible pressure sensors: a comparison between SiC and SiN
    L. Pakula; H. Yang; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In SAFE bdf98e4d646247d79cef99391c2b9226 ProRISC 2004; Proceedings of semiconductor advances for future electronics,
    STW Technology Foundation, pp. 769-773, 2004. ed. is niet bekend.

  406. SiC micromachined Mach-Zehnder interferometer on silicon for pressure sensor
    G. Pandraud; L. Pakula; T.M.H. Pham; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In SAFE 38da0e1eb22143fbb7fad260632affd7 ProRISC 2004; Proceedings of semiconductor advances for future electronics,
    STW Technology Foudation, pp. 1-4, 2004. ed. is niet bekend.

  407. Early stages fabrication and optical characterisation of new micromachined silicon strain-sensing structures inspired from the campaniform sensillum of insects
    D.H.B. Wickasono; G. Pandraud; J.F.V. Vincent; P.J. French;
    In SAFE 2004; Proceedings of semiconductor advances for future electronics,
    Technology Foundation STW, pp. 787-792, 2004. ed. is niet bekend.

  408. A new ammonia sensor
    E. Connolly; B. Timmer; T.M.H. Pham; P.M. Sarro; W. Olthuis; P.J. French;
    In H Varwijk (Ed.), SAFE 2004; Proceedings of semiconductor advances for future elecronics,
    STW Technology Foundation, pp. 1-4, 2004.

  409. Design, and early stages-fabrication of new biomimetric strain-sensing microstructures
    D.H.B. Wickasono; G. Pandraud; G. Craciun; J.F.V. Vincent; P.J. French;
    In M Djamal; Sukirno; Z Su'ud; Khairurriijal; Suprijadi; A Waris (Ed.), Proceedings seminar instrumentasi berbsis fisika II,
    Departemen Fisika Institut Teknologi Bandung, pp. 57-62, 2004.

  410. Porous SiC as an ammonia sensor
    E. Connolly; B. Timmer; T.M.H. Pham; J. Groeneweg; P.M. Sarro; W. Olthuis; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004,
    IEEE, pp. 178-181, 2004. niet eerder opgevoerd -sb 50/50 EI/ECTM.

  411. Silicon carbide membrane relative humidity sensor with aluminium electrodes
    E. Connolly; H.M.T. Pham; J. Groeneweg; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    In MEMS 2004 technical digest; 17th IEEE international conference on micro electro mechanical systems,
    IEEE, pp. 193-196, 2004. ed. is niet bekend.

  412. Fabrication and initial characterisation results of a micromachined biomimetic strain sensor inspired from the campaniform sensillum of insects
    D.H.B. Wicaksono; G. Pandraud; G. Craciun; J.F.V. Vincent; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004,
    IEEE, pp. 542-545, 2004. niet eerder opgevoerd.

  413. A novel ull-in accelerometer
    L. Pakula; H. Yang; P.J. French;
    In ICEE 2004; Coference proceedings of the international conference on electrical engineering 2004 joint conference with AsiPcific conference of tranducers and micro-nano technology 2004,
    ICEE, pp. 163-167, 2004. ed. is niet bekend.

  414. Single step IC-compatible processing of inertial sensors using SF6-O2 cryogenic plasma process
    G. Craciun; H. Yang; L. Pakula; EW.J.M. van der Drift; P.J. French;
    In Takashi KAWAMURA; Eun-Woong LEE; Yanchang Lu; Kwan James (Ed.), ICEE2004; Conference proceedings of the International conference of elecrical engineering 2004,
    The Institute of the Electrical Engineers of Japan, pp. 174-178, 2004. ed. is niet bekend.

  415. SiC passive optomechanical transducer head for sensor applications
    G. Pandraud; L. Pakula; H.M.T. Pham; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Digest of technical papers; XVIII Eurosensors,
    University of Rome, pp. 1-4, 2004. ed. is niet bekend/50-50 EI-ECTM.

  416. Silicon Carbide Membrane Relative Humidity Sensor with Aluminium Electrodes
    E.J. Connolly; H.T.M. Pham; J. Groeneweg; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    In MEMS 2004,
    Maastricht, The Netherlands, pp. 193-196, Jan. 2004. ISBN 0-7803-8265-X.
    document

  417. SiC passive optomechanical transducer head for sensor applications
    G. Pandrau; L.S. Pakula; H.T.M. Pham; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proc. Eurosensors XVIII,
    Rome, pp. 24-28, Sept. 2004. ISBN 88-7621-282-5.

  418. Porous SiC as ammonia sensor
    E.J. Connolly; B. Timmer; H.T.M.Pham; J. Groeneweg; P.M. Sarro; W.Olthuis; P.J. French;
    In Proc. Eurosensors XVIII,
    Rome, pp. 672-674, Sept. 2004. 88-7621-282-5.

  419. Method of Manufacturing an Electronic Device and Electronic Device (U-SP-2-I-ICT)
    K.A.A. Makinwa; S.G. den Hartog; P.J. French;
    2004.

  420. Method of manufacturing an electronic device and electronic device
    H. Boezen; S.G. den Hartog; P.J. French; K.A.A. Makinwa;
    2004. Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV/niet eerder opgevoerd; WO2004071943; Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV/niet eerder opgevoerd.

  421. Modified Reynold's equation and analytical analysis of squeeze-film air damping of perforated structures
    M. Bao; H. Yang; Y. Sun; P.J. French;
    Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering,
    Volume 13, pp. 795-800, 2003.

  422. Navigation system for endovascular interventions
    D. Tanase; J.F.L. Goosen; P.J. Trimp; J.A. Reekers; P.J. French;
    Minimally Invasive Therapy and Allied Technologies,
    Volume 12, Issue 3/4, 2003.

  423. Technology of silicon-based liquid crystal wavefront correctors
    G.V. Vdovin; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro; M. Loktev; X. Zhang;
    s.n., Volume STW project DOE.5490 , 2003.

  424. Monthly report 12.4
    P.J. French;
    s.n., Volume Report 12.4 march 2003 , 2003.

  425. Development of post processing micromachining modules for integrated sensors and actuators applications
    H.M.T. Pham; L. Pakula; G. Pandraud; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    s.n., Volume DMF 5103 , 2003.

  426. Monthly report 13.3 December 2003
    P.J. French;
    s.n., , 2003. Nog niet eerder opgevoerd.

  427. The development of micromachined humidity sensors based on a dielectric of porous silicon - meeting 5
    E. Connolly; P.J. French;
    s.n., Volume STW project DEL 4694 , 2003.

  428. Integrated Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor progress report
    D.W. de Lima Monteiro; G.V. Vdovin; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    s.n., Volume STW project DOE.5375 , 2003.

  429. Progress report may 2003
    G. Craciun; EW.J.M. van der Drift; P.J. French;
    s.n., Volume STW project DEL 4577 , 2003.

  430. Monthly report 13.2
    P.J. French;
    s.n., Volume Report 13.2 june 2003 , 2003.

  431. Monthly report 13.2 sept
    P.J. French;
    s.n., Volume Report 13.2 september 200 , 2003.

  432. the development of micromachined humidity sensors based on a dielectric of porous silicon - meeting 6
    E. Connolly; P.J. French;
    s.n., Volume STW project DEL 4694 , 2003.

  433. Polyimide Sacrificial Layer for an All-Dry Post-Process Surface Micromachining Module
    H.T.M. Pham; A. Bagolini; C.R. de Boer; J.M.W. Laros; L. Pakula; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Transducers,
    Boston, Massachuesetts, USA, pp. 813-816, Jun. 2003. ISBN 0-7803-7731-1.
    document

  434. Stiction of Surface Micromachined Structures: A Study of the Problem and the Possible Solutions
    H.T.M. Pham; L.S. Pakula; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proc. SAFE 2003,
    Veldhoven, The Netherlands, pp. 711-715, Nov. 2003. ISBN 90-73461-39-1.

  435. Electromechamical optical attenuation in micromachined SiC waveguides
    G. Pandraud; H. Yang; L.S. Pakula; H.T.M. Pham; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proc. SAFE 2003,
    Veldhoven, The Netherlands, pp. 631-634, Nov. 2003. ISBN 90-73461-39-1.

  436. Fabrication of a CMOS Compatible Pressure Sensor for Harsh Environments
    L.S. Pakula; H. Yang; H.T.M. Pham; P.J. French; P. M. Sarro;
    In Proc. 16th IEEE International MEMS conference,
    Kyoto, Japan, pp. 502-505, Jan. 2003.
    document

  437. Polyimide sacrificial layer for an all-dray post-process surface micromachining module
    T.M.H. Pham; A. Bagolini; C.R. de Boer; J.M.W. Laros; L. Pakula; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Transducers'03 Digest of technical papers,
    IEEE, pp. 813-816, 2003.

  438. Relative humidity sensors using porous SiC membranes and Al electrodes
    E. Connolly; T.M.H. Pham; J. Groeneweg; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    In SAFE 2003 Semiconductor advances for future electronics,
    Stichting voor de Technische Wetenschappen, pp. 678-682, 2003. CD-ROM 50/50 EI/ECTM.

  439. Surface micromachined CMOS compatible vertical accelerometer
    L. Pakula; H. Yang; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), SAFE 2003 Semiconductor advances for future electronics,
    Stichting voor de Technische Wetenschappen, pp. 707-710, 2003. CD-ROM.

  440. Preliminary study on the design of a new micromachined silicon strain sensor based on the Campaniform sensillum of insects
    D.H.B. Wickasono; W.A. van Duyl; J.F.V. Vincent; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), SAFE 2003 Semiconductor advances for future electornics,
    Stichting voor de Technische Wetenschappen, pp. 721-725, 2003. CD-ROM.

  441. Electromechanical optical attenuation in micromachined SiC waveguids
    G. Pandraud; H. Yang; L. Pakula; T.M.H. Pham; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In s.n. (Ed.), SAFE 2003 Semiconductor advances for future electronics,
    Stichting voor de Technische Wetenschappen, pp. 631-634, 2003. CD-ROM.

  442. A novel RF switch with low driving voltage
    L. Pakula; H. Yang; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), SAFE 2003 Semiconductor advances for future electronics,
    Stichting voor de Technische Wetenschappen, pp. 753-756, 2003. CD-ROM.

  443. Stiction of surface micromachined structures: a study of the problem and the possible solutions
    T.M.H. Pham; L. Pakula; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In s.n. (Ed.), SAFE 2003 Semiconductor advances for future electronics,
    Stichting voor de Technische Wetenschappen, pp. 711-715, 2003. CD-ROM.

  444. Development of integrated MEMS devices (invited)
    P.J. French;
    In SJ Prosser; E Lewis (Ed.), Proceedings of the twelfth conference on sensors and their applications,
    Institute of Physics, pp. 55-61, 2003.

  445. Design of a novel electrostatic switch with low operating voltage and high speed
    H. Yang; L. Pakula; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), MME 2003 14th Micromechanics Europe workshop,
    s.n., pp. 33-36, 2003.

  446. A CMOS compatible SiC accelerometer
    L. Pakula; H. Yang; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), IEEE Sensors 2003,
    IEEE, pp. 761-764, 2003. CD-rom.

  447. A practical galvanic etch-stop in Koh using sodium hypochorite
    E. Connolly; S. Sakarya; P.J. French; X.H. Xia; J.J. Kelly;
    In s.n. (Ed.), MEMS 2003 IEEE 16th annual international conference on micro electro mechanical systems,
    IEEE, pp. 566-569, 2003.

  448. IC-compatible processing of inertial sensors using SF6-O2 cryogenic plasma process
    G. Craciun; H. Yang; L. Pakula; M.A. Blauw; EW.J.M. van der Drift; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), IEEE Sensors 2003,
    IEEE, pp. 440-444, 2003. CD-rom.

  449. Fabrication of a CMOS compatibile pressure sensor for harsh environments
    L. Pakula; H. Yang; T.M.H. Pham; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In s.n. (Ed.), MEMS 2003 IEEE 16th annual international conference on micro electro mechanical systems,
    IEEE, pp. 502-505, 2003.

  450. A practical galvanic etch-stop in Koh using sodium hypochlorite
    E. Connolly; S. Sakarya; P.J. French; X.H. Xia; J.J. Kelly;
    In s.n. (Ed.), MEMS 2003 IEEE 16th annual international conference on micro electro mechanical systems,
    IEEE, pp. 566-569, 2003.

  451. 3D position and orientation measurements with a magnetic sensor for use in vascular interventions
    D. Tanase; J.F.L. Goosen; P.J. Trimp; J.A. Reekers; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), IEEE EMBS-APBME 2003 IEEE EMBS Asian-Pacific conference on biomedical engineering,
    IEEE, pp. 1-2, 2003.

  452. Polymide sacrificial layer for an all-dry post-process surface micromachining module
    T.M.H. Pham; A. Bagolini; C.R. de Boer; J.M.W. Laros; L. Pakula; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In s.n. (Ed.), TRANSDUCERS'03 Twelfth International conference on solid-state sensors, acuators and microsystems,
    IEEE, pp. 813-816, 2003.

  453. Magnetic-based navigation system for radiation-dose reduction in endovascular interventions
    D. Tanase; J.F.L. Goosen; P.J. Trimp; J.A. Reekers; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), WC 2003 World congress on medical physics and biomedical engineering,
    World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, pp. 1-5, 2003. CD-ROM.

  454. A novel pull-in accelerometer
    H. Yang; L. Pakula; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), EUROSENSORS 17th European conference on solid-state transducers,
    University of Minho, pp. 204-207, 2003.

  455. Fabrication of a CMOS compatible vertical accelerometer
    L. Pakula; H. Yang; T.M.H. Pham; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), EUROSENSORS 17th European conference on solid-state transducers,
    University of Minho, pp. 635-638, 2003.

  456. Membrane porous-SiC humidity sensor with aluminium electrodes
    E. Connolly; H.M.T. Pham; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    In s.n. (Ed.), E-MRS 2003 20th Anniversary European Materials Research Society Spring meeting,
    s.n., pp. 1-2, 2003.

  457. Relative Humidity sensors using porous SiC membranes and Al electrodes
    E.J. Connolly; H.T.M. Pham; J. Groeneweg; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    In Proc. Eurosensors XVII,
    University of Minho, Guimaraes, Portugal, pp. 621-622, Sep. 24 2003. ISBN 90-73461-39-1.
    document

  458. Comparison of porous silicon, porous polysilicon and porous silicon carbide as materials for humidity sensing applications
    E.J. Connolly; G.M. O Halloran; H.T.M. Pham; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    Sensors and Actuators A,
    Volume 99, Issue 1-2, pp. 25-30, Apr. 2002.

  459. A new model of the effect of mechanical stress on the saturation current of bipolar transistors
    J.F. Creemer; P.J. French;
    Sensors and Actuators A,
    Volume 97-98, pp. 289-295, Apr. 2002.

  460. Polyimide sacrificial layer and novel materials for post-processing surface micromachining
    A. Bagolini; L. Pakula; T.L.M. Scholtes; H.T.M. Pham; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering,
    Volume 12, Issue 4, pp. 385-389, Jul. 2002. ISSN 0960-1317.

  461. Temperature influence on etching deep holes with SF6/O2 cryogenic plasma
    G. Craciun; M.A. Blauw; E. van der Drift; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    J. of Micromechanics Microengineering,
    Volume 12, Issue 4, pp. 390-394, Jul. 2002.

  462. Multi-parameter sensor system with intravascular navigation for catheter/guide wire application
    D. Tanase; J.F.L. Goosen; P.J. Trimp; P.J. French;
    Sensors and Actuators A: Physical: an international journal devoted to research and development of physical and chemical transducers,
    Volume A 97-98, pp. 116-124, 2002.

  463. Polysilicon: a versatile material for microsystems
    P.J. French;
    Sensors and Actuators A: Physical: an international journal devoted to research and development of physical and chemical transducers,
    Volume A 99, pp. 3-12, 2002.

  464. A novel electrochemical etching technique for n-type silicon
    S. Izuo; H. Ohji; P.J. French; K. Tsutsumi;
    Sensors and Actuators A: Physical: an international journal devoted to research and development of physical and chemical transducers,
    Volume A 97-98, pp. 720-724, 2002.

  465. Polyimide sacrificial layer and novel materials for post-processing surface micromachining
    A. Bagolini; L. Pakula; T.L.M. Scholtes; T.M.H. Pham; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering,
    Volume 12, pp. 385-389, 2002.

  466. A new model of the effect of mechanical stress on the saturation current of bipolar transistors
    J.F. Creemer; P.J. French;
    Sensors and Actuators A: Physical: an international journal devoted to research and development of physical and chemical transducers,
    Volume A 97-98, pp. 289-295, 2002.

  467. Comparison of porous silicon, porous polysilicon and porous silicon carbide as materials for humidity sensing applications
    E. Connolly; G.M. O'Halloran; T.M.H. Pham; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    Sensors and Actuators A: Physical: an international journal devoted to research and development of physical and chemical transducers,
    Volume A 99, pp. 25-30, 2002.

  468. Advanced time-multiplexed plasma etching of high aspect ratio silicon structures
    M.A. Blauw; G. Craciun; W.G. Sloof; P.J. French; EW.J.M. van der Drift;
    Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology. Part B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures,
    Volume 20, Issue 6, pp. 3106-3110, 2002.

  469. Temperature influence on etching deep holes with SF6/O2 cryogenic plasma
    G. Craciun; M.A. Blauw; EW.J.M. van der Drift; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering,
    Volume 12, pp. 390-394, 2002.

  470. Pillar structures with a sub-micron space fabricated by macroporous-based micromachining
    H. Ohji; S. Izuo; P.J. French; K. Tsutsumi;
    Sensors and Actuators A: Physical: an international journal devoted to research and development of physical and chemical transducers,
    Volume A 97-98, pp. 744-748, 2002.

  471. Delft University of Technology labotory review
    P.J. French;
    Transactions of the institute of electrical engineers of Japan,
    Volume 121E, Issue 10, pp. 576-577, 2002.

  472. Progress report may 2002
    G. Craciun; EW.J.M. van der Drift; P.J. French;
    STW, Volume STW Project DEL 4577 , 2002.

  473. Monthly report 12.3
    P.J. French;
    s.n., Volume Report 12.3 dec. 2002 , 2002.

  474. Integrated Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor
    D.W. de Lima Monteiro; G.V. Vdovin; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    Delft University of Technology, Faculty ITS, , 2002.

  475. Pressure Sensor for Automotive Applications
    L.S. Pakula; H. Yang; H.T.M. Pham; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proc. SeSens 2002,
    Veldhoven, The Netherlands, STW, pp. 649-652, Nov. 2002. ISBN 90-73461-33-2.

  476. Single Step Cryogenic SF6/O2 Plasma Etching Process for the Development of Inertial Devices
    G. Craciun; H. Yang; H.W. van Zeijl; L. Pakula; M.A. Blauw; E. van der Drift; P.J. French;
    In Proc. SeSens 2002,
    Veldhoven, The Netherlands, STW, pp. 612-615, Nov. 2002. ISBN 90-73461-33-2.

  477. Relative Humidity Sensors based on Porous Polysilicon and Porous Silicon Carbide
    E.J. Connolly; H.T.M. Pham; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    In Proc. SeSens 2002,
    Veldhoven, The Netherlands, STW, pp. 603-607, Nov. 2002. ISBN 90-73461-33-2.

  478. Pressure Sensor for Harsh Environments
    L.S. Pakula; H .Yang; H.T.M. Pham; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proc. MME 2002,
    Sinaia, Romania, pp. 295-298, Oct. 2002. ISBN 973-0-02472-3.

  479. Relative-Humidity Sensors Based on Porous Polysilicon and Porous Silicon Carbide
    E.J. Connolly; H.T.M. Pham; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    In IEEE Sensors 2002,
    Hyatt Orlando, Orlando, Florida, USA, pp. 12.4/1-12.4/4, Jun. 2002. ISBN 0-7803-7455-X.

  480. Radiation dose reduction in minimally-invasive intravascular procedures using a magnetic guidance system
    D. Tanase; N.H. Bakker; D. van Loon; J.F.L. Goosen; P.J. Trimp; J.A. Reekers; P.J. French;
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  481. A surface micromachined accelerometer working in the pull-in operation mode
    H. Yang; L. Pakula; P.J. French;
    In Proceedings SeSens 2002,
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  482. Anisotropy of the piezojunction effect in silicon transistors
    J.F. Creemer; P.J. French;
    In Technical digest: MEMS 2002 IEEE international conference Las Vegas,
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  483. A novel operation mode for accelerometers
    H. Yang; L. Pakula; P.J. French;
    In Xiamen University Press, pp. 303-306, 2002.

  484. MEMS technologies in Delft
    P.J. French;
    In WH Ko; W-X Gao (Ed.), Xiamen University Press, pp. 5-10, 2002.

  485. Single step cryogenic SF6/O2 plasma etching process for the development of inertial devices
    G. Craciun; H. Yang; H.W. van Zeijl; L. Pakula; M.A. Blauw; EW.J.M. van der Drift; P.J. French;
    In Proceedings of SeSens 2002,
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  486. Relative humidity sensors based on porous polysilicon and porous silicon carbide
    E. Connolly; P.J. French; T.M.H. Pham; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proceedings of SeSens 2002,
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  487. Pressure sensor for automotive applications
    L. Pakula; H. Yang; T.M.H. Pham; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proceedings of SenSens 2002,
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  488. Single step cryogenic SF6/O2 plasma etching process for the development of a novel quad gyroscope
    G. Craciun; H. Yang; M.A. Blauw; EW.J.M. van der Drift; P.J. French;
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  489. 12.4: Relative humidity sensors based on porous polysilicon and porous silicon carbide
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    In Proceedings of IEEE sensors 2002: first IEEE international conference on sensors,
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  490. Pressure sensor for harsh environments
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  491. Galvanic etch stop in KOH with reduced au area using NaOCI
    E. Connolly; P.J. French; X.H. Xia; J.J. Kelly;
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  492. Navigation system for endovascular interventions
    D. Tanase; D. van Loon; J.F.L. Goosen; J.A. Reekers; P.J. Trimp; P.J. French;
    In Eurosensors 2002,
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  493. Electromagnetic navigation system for guide wires and/or catheters
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    In I Margineanu; A Nicolaide; M Cernat (Ed.), 8th international conference on optimization of electrical and electronic equipments - OPTIM 2002,
    Transilvania University Press, pp. 725-728, 2002.

  494. The piezojunction effect in silicon sensors and circuits and its relation to piezoresistance
    J.F. Creemer; F. Fruett; G.C.M. Meijer; P.J. French;
    IEEE Sensors Journal,
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  495. The piezojunction effect in silicon sensors and circuits and its relation to piezoresistance
    J.F. Creemer; F. Fruett; G.C.M. Meijer; P.J. French;
    IEEE Sensors Journal,
    Volume 1, Issue 2, pp. 98-108, 2001.

  496. Integration of silicon MEMS devices: materials and processing considerations
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  497. Macroporous-based micromachining on full wafers
    H. Ohji; S. Izuo; P.J. French; K. Tsutsumi;
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    Volume 92, pp. 384-387, 2001.

  498. Etching and passivation of silicon in alkaline solution: a coupled chemical/electrochemical system
    X.H. Xia; C.M.A. Ashruf; P.J. French; J. Rappich; J.J. Kelly;
    The Journal of Physical Chemistry Part B (Biophysical Chemistry, Biomaterials, Liquids, and Soft Matter),
    Volume 105, pp. 5722-5729, 2001.

  499. Galvanic cell formation: a review of approaches to silicon etching for sensor fabrication
    J.J. Kelly; X.H. Xia; C.M.A. Ashruf; P.J. French;
    IEEE Sensors Journal,
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  500. Report for Nissan Motor Company Japan
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  501. Progress report for the fifth user's committee meeting of STW project DEL.3908
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  502. Development of deep dry etching for intelligent mocromachine devices.
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  504. Development of deep dry etching for intelligent mocromachine devices.
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  506. CO2 blood sensor for catheter applications
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  507. Electrochemical etching for n-type silicon using a novel etchant
    S. Izuo; H. Ohji; P.J. French; K. Tsutsumi;
    In {E Obermeier} (Ed.), Springer, pp. 1-4, 2001.

  508. Pillar structures with the space of sub-microns fabricated by the macroporous based micromachining
    H. Ohji; S. Izuo; P.J. French; K. Tsutsumi;
    In {E Obermeier} (Ed.), Springer, pp. 1-4, 2001.

  509. Multi-parameter catheter sensor system with intravascular navigation
    D. Tanase; J.F.L. Goosen; P.J. Trimp; P.J. French;
    In {E Obermeier} (Ed.), Transducers'01: technical papers.Vol. 2,
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  510. An analytical model of the piezojunction effect for arbitrary stress and current orientations
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    In {E Obermeier} (Ed.), Transducers '01: technical papers - Vol 1,
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  511. Aspect ratio and crystallographic orientation dependence in deep dry silicon etching at cryogenic temperatures
    G. Cracium; M.A. Blauw; EW.J.M. van der Drift; P.J. French;
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  512. Smart sensor interface for a 3D hall sensor
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    In SAFE-ProRISC-SeSens 2001: proceedings. Semiconductor Advances for Future Eelctronics - Program for Research on Integrated Systems and Circuits - Semiconductor Sensor and Actuator Technology,
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  513. Fabrication of a DNA separation chip using macroporous silicon micromachining
    H. Ohji; S. Izuo; P.J. French; K. Tsutsumi;
    In SAFE - ProRISC - SeSens 2001: proceedings. Semiconductor Advances for Future Electronics - Program for Research on Integrated Systems and Circuits - Semiconductor Sensor and Actuator Technology,
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  514. High aspect ratio cryogenic etching of silicon with SF6/O2 plasma
    G. Cracium; M.A. Blauw; EW.J.M. van der Drift; P.J. French;
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  515. Magnetic sensor for use on guide wires or catheters
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  516. New post-processing modules
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  517. Investigation of the influence of measurement frequency on the response of humidity sensors based on porous si, porous polysilicon and porous sic
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  518. Limitations and complementary value of cryogenic SF6-O2 and Bosch plasma etch process for silicon micromachining.
    M.A. Blauw; G. Craciun; EW.J.M. van der Drift; P.J. French;
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  519. Aspect ratio and crystallographic orientation dependence in deep dry silicon etching at cryogenic temperatures.
    G. Craciun; M.A. Blauw; EW.J.M. van der Drift; P.J. French;
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  520. High aspect ratio cyrogenic etching of Silicon with SF6/O2 plasma.
    G. Craciun; M.A. Blauw; EW.J.M. van der Drift; P.J. French;
    In STW Technologiestichting (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Semiconductors Sensor and Actuator Technology (SESENS).,
    pp. 783-786, 2001.

  521. Temperature influence on etching deep holes with SF6/O2 cryogenic plasma.
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  522. Damping caused by the gas flow in the holes of perforated structures
    H. Yang; M. Bao; L. Pakula; P.J. French;
    In {PD Franzon} (Ed.), Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 4593,
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  523. Fabrication of mechanical structures using macro-porous silicon
    H. Ohji; S. Izuo; P.J. French; K. Tsutsumi;
    In {J-C Chiao} (Ed.), Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 4592,
    SPIE Press, pp. 96-103, 2001.

  524. Investigation of relative humidity sensors based on porous silicon, porous polysilicon and porous silicon carbide
    E. Connolly; G.M.O. O. Halloran; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
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  525. Fabrication of mechanical structures using macro-porous silicon
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  526. Limitations and complementary value of cryogenic SF6-O2 and Bosch plasma etch process for silicon micromachining
    M.A. Blauw; G. Cracium; P.J. French;
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  527. Novel material for low temperature post-processing micromachining
    L. Pakula; H.M.T. Pham; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
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  528. Temperature influence on etching deep holes with SF6/O2 cryogenic plasma
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  529. Effects of gas flow in holes on the squeeze film damping of perforated structures
    H. Yang; L. Pakula; M. Bao; P.J. French;
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  530. The piezojunction effect in bipolar transistors at moderate stress levels: a theoretical and experimental study
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  531. Galvanic etching for sensor fabrication
    Ashruf C.M.A.; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro; R. Kazinczi; X.H. Xia; J.J. Kelly;
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    Volume 10, pp. 505-515, 2000. ISSN 0960-1317.

  532. The Piezojunction effect in bipolar transistors at moderate stress levels: a theoretical and experimental study
    J.F. Creemer; P.J. French;
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    Volume 82, pp. 181-185, 2000.

  533. Galvanic cell formation in silicon/metal contacts: the effect on silicon surface morphology
    X.H. Xia; C.M.A. Ashruf; P.J. French; J.J. Kelly;
    Chemistry of Materials,
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  534. Initial pits for electrochemical etching in hydrofluoric acid
    H. Ohji; P.J. French; S. Izuo; K. Tsutsumi;
    Sensors and Actuators A: Physical: an international journal devoted to research and development of physical and chemical transducers,
    Volume 85, pp. 390-394, 2000.

  535. Fabrication of a beam-mass structure using single-step electochemical etching for micro structures (SEEMS)
    H. Ohji; P.T.J. Gennissen; P.J. French; K. Tsutsumi;
    Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering,
    Volume 10, Issue 3, pp. 440-444, 2000.

  536. Galvanic etching for sensor fabrication
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    Volume 10, pp. 505-515, 2000.

  537. Fabrication of mechanical structures in p-type silicon using electrochemical etching
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    Sensors and Actuators A: Physical: an international journal devoted to research and development of physical and chemical transducers,
    Volume 82, pp. 254-258, 2000.

  538. Eind rapportage samenwerking EWR en TU-Delft
    P.J. French; P.J. Trimp; W.M. Oppedijk Van Veen; J.P.L. Schoormans; M. Pennings;
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  539. Report for Nissan Motor company Japan
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  540. Report for Nissan Motor Company Japan
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  541. Development and applications of novel optoelectromechanical system micro-machined in silicon
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  542. Report for Nissan Motor Company Japan
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  543. A theoretical and experimental study of the Piezojunction effect in silicon and its application in new sensor structures: progress report for the 3rd user's committee meeting of STW project DEL.3908
    J.F. Creemer; P.J. French;
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  544. Report for Nissan Motor Company Japan
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  545. MEMS/MOEMS technology capabilities and trends
    P.J. French;
    {P Rai-Choudhury} (Ed.);
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  546. Sealing RIE etch holes for an epi-micromachined pressure sensor
    J.F.L. Goosen; J.P. Dartee; C. de Boer; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proc. MME,
    Uppsala, Sweden, pp. B8.1-B8.4, Oct. 2000.

  547. Pressure, flow and oxygen sensors on one chip for use in catheters
    J.F.L. Goosen; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proc. MEMS,
    Miyazaki, Japan, pp. 537-540, Jan. 2000.

  548. Anisotropic etching of silicon using a galvanic cell
    P.J. French; C.M.A. Ashruf; P.M. Sarro; R. Kazinczi; X.H. Xia; J.J. Kelly;
    In 2nd Workshop on Physical Chemistry of Wet Etching of Silicon,
    Toulouse, pp. 1-8, May 2000.

  549. The Piezojunction effect in silicon and its applications to sensors and circuits
    J.F. Creemer; P.J. French;
    In {JP Veen} (Ed.), SAFE-ProRISC-SeSens 2000: proceedings,
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  550. Study of electrochemical etching for 3-D device design
    S. Izuo; H. Ohji; K. Tsutsumi; P.J. French;
    In {H Adachi} (Ed.), Technical digest,
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  551. Three-dimensional magnetic sensor for use in intravascular interventions
    D. Tanase; J.F.L. Goosen; P.J. Trimp; P.J. French;
    In {JP Veen} (Ed.), SAFE-ProRISC-SeSens 2000: proceedings,
    STW Technology Foundation, pp. 693-696, 2000.

  552. Measurement of pressure, flow and oxygen saturation in blood using an integrated sensor
    J.F.L. Goosen; P.J. French;
    In {JP Veen} (Ed.), SAFE-ProRISC-SeSens 2000: proceedings,
    STW Technology Foundation, pp. 639-642, 2000.

  553. Progress in the optimisation of the porous silicon layer of a capacitive humidity sensor based on porous silicon
    E. Connolly; G.M.O. O. Halloran; P.J. French;
    In {JP Veen} (Ed.), SAFE-ProRISC-SeSens 2000: proceedings,
    STW Technology Foundation, pp. 623-626, 2000.

  554. Study of galvanic etching for practical applications
    X.H. Xia; C.M.A. Ashruf; P.J. French; J.J. Kelly;
    In {JP Veen} (Ed.), SAFE- ProRISC-SeSens 2000: proceedings,
    STW Technology Foundation, pp. 715-717, 2000.

  555. Silicon sensors for use in catheters
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    In Proceedings,
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  556. Pressure, flow and oxygen saturation sensors on one chip for use in catheters
    J.F.L. Goosen; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In MEMS 2000: proceedings,
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  557. Sealing RIE etch holes for an epi-micromachined pressure sensor
    J.F.L. Goosen; J.P. Dartee; C. den Boer; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In {Y Bäcklund}; {C Hedlund} (Ed.), MME '00,
    s.n., pp. 1-4, 2000.

  558. Macroporous based micromachining on full wafers
    H. Ohji; S. Izuo; P.J. French; K. Tsutsumi;
    In {R Reus}, de; {S Bouwstra} (Ed.), Eurosensors XIV,
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  559. The orientation dependence of the Piezojunction effect in bipolar transistors
    J.F. Creemer; P.J. French;
    In {WA Lane}; {GM Crean}; {FA Mccabe}; {H Grunbacher} (Ed.), ESSDERC 2000: proceedings,
    Frontier Group, pp. 416-419, 2000.

  560. Anisotropic etching of silicon using a galvanic cell
    P.J. French; C.M.A. Ashruf; P.M. Sarro; R. Kazinczi; X.H. Xia; J.J. Kelly;
    In Abstracts booklet,
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  561. Catheter navigation system for intravascular use
    D. Tanase; J.F.L. Goosen; P.J. Trimp; J.A. Reekers; P.J. French;
    In Proceedings,
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  562. Method of producing silicon device
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  563. Inertia force sensor and method for producing inertia force sensor
    H. Ohji; K. Tsutsumi; P.J. French; T. Aoyama;
    2000.

  564. Light controlled electrochemical etching: equipment and devices
    P.J. French;
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  565. Galvanic porous silicon formation without external contacts
    C.M.A. Ashruf; P.J. French; PM.M.C. Bressers; J.J. Kelly;
    Sensors and Actuators A: Physical: an international journal devoted to research and development of physical and chemical transducers,
    Volume 74, Issue 1-3, pp. 118-122, 1999.

  566. Single step electrochemical etching in ammonium fluoride
    H. Ohji; P.J. French;
    Sensors and Actuators A: Physical: an international journal devoted to research and development of physical and chemical transducers,
    Volume 74, pp. 109-112, 1999.

  567. Physical sensors for medical applications
    P.J. French;
    {P.J. French}; {C Grimbergen} (Ed.);
    Delft University of Technology, , 1999.

  568. 3rd Report project ET 970037 [vertrouwelijk]
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    Delft University of Technology, , 1999.

  569. Report for Nissan Motor Company Japan
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  570. Report for Nissan Motor Company Japan
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  571. Report for Nissan Motor Company Japan
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  572. A theoretical and experimental study of the piezojunction effect in silicon and its application in new sensor structures
    J.F. Creemer; P.J. French;
    Delft University of Technology, , 1999.

  573. Report for Nissan motor Company Japan
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  574. Report for Nissan Motor Company Japan
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  575. Report for Nissan Motor Company Japan
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  576. Fabrication of accelerometer using single-step electrochemical etching for micro structures (SEEMS)
    H. Ohji; P.T.J. Gennissen; P.J. French; K. Tsutsumi;
    IEEE, , pp. 1-5, 1999.

  577. Pressure and flow sensor for use in catheters
    J.F.L.Goosen; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proc.SPIE Micromachining and Microfabrication 1999 Symposium,
    Santa Clara, CA, SPIE, pp. 38-45, Sep. 1999. ISBN 0-8194-3473-6.

  578. Influence of the Formation Parameters on the Humidity Sensing Characteristics of a Capacitive Humidity Sensor Based on Porous Silicon
    G.M. O'Halloran; W. van der Vlist; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    In Proc. XIII Eurosensors Conf.,
    The Hague, The Netherlands, pp. 117-120, Sept. 1999. ISBN 90-76699-02-X.

  579. Combination of Epi-Poly and Electropolishing for Fabrication of Accelerometers with Large Substrate Separation Gaps
    P.T.J. Gennissen; H. Ohji; P.J. French; C.M.A. Ashruf; G.M. O'Halloran; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proc. XIII Eurosensors Conf.,
    The Hague, The Netherlands, pp. 1029-1032, Sept. 1999.

  580. Practical considerations of the galvanic etch-stop for device application
    C.M.A.Ashruf; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro; W. van d.Vlist; E.L.Oemar; L.J.Breems; J.J.Kelly;
    In Proc. 10th Int. Conf. Solid-State Transducers,
    Sendai, Japan, pp. 560-563, Jun. 1999.

  581. Fabrication of mechanical structures in p-type silicon using electrochemical etching
    H. Ohji; P.J. French; K. Tsutsumi;
    In Transducers '99: digest of technical papers. Vol. 1,
    Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, pp. 1086-1089, 1999.

  582. Theoretical and experimental study of the piezojunction effect in bipolar transistors at moderate stress levels
    J.F. Creemer; P.J. French;
    In Transducers '99: digest of technical papers. Vol. 1,
    Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, pp. 204-207, 1999.

  583. A new high temperature pressure sensor based on a thermal read-out principle
    U.A. Dauderstadt; C.M.A. Ashruf; P.J. French;
    In Transducers '99: digest of technical papers. Vol. 1,
    Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, pp. 1610-1613, 1999.

  584. Practical considerations of the galvanic etch-stop for device applications
    C.M.A. Ashruf; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro; W. van der Vlist; E.L. Oemar; L.J. Breems; J.J. Kelly;
    In Transducers '99: digest of technical papers. Vol. 1,
    Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, pp. 560-563, 1999.

  585. Time at risk: ALARP trade-offs over time
    T.J. Bedford; E. Atherton; P.J. French;
    In {GI Schuëller}; {P Kafka} (Ed.), Safety and reliability: proceedings of ESREL '99,
    Balkema, pp. 1441-1446, 1999.

  586. The Piezojunction effect in mechanical and bandgap sensors
    J.F. Creemer; P.J. French;
    In SAFE99: proceedings. ProRISC99: proceedings [CD-ROM],
    STW Technology Foundation, pp. 105-109, 1999.

  587. Editorship
    P.J. French;
    In {P.J. French}; {E Peeters} (Ed.), Proceedings of SPIE 3876,
    International Society for Optical Engineering, pp. -, 1999.

  588. Development of silicon accelerometers using epi-micromachining
    P.T.J. Gennissen; P.J. French;
    In {P.J. French}; {E Peeters} (Ed.), Micromachined devices and components V (Proceedings of SPIE 3876),
    International Society for Optical Engineering, pp. 84-92, 1999.

  589. A comparison of CBA and MAUT for ALARP decision-making
    P.J. French; E. Atherton; T.J. Bedford;
    In {LHJ Goossens} (Ed.), Proceedings,
    Delft University Press, pp. 550-553, 1999.

  590. Developing MEMS technology: choosing the options to meet requirements
    P.J. French;
    In {PD Mangalgiri}; {AR Upadhya}; {A Selvarajan} (Ed.), Proceedings,
    Allied Publishers, pp. 182-189, 1999.

  591. Pressure and flow sensor for use in catheters
    J.F.L. Goosen; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In {P.J. French}; {E Peeters} (Ed.), Micromachined devices and components V (Proceedings of SPIE 3876),
    International Society for Optical Engineering, pp. 38-44, 1999.

  592. A study of the reliability of passivation layers for sensor applications
    P.J. Trimp; J.R. Mollinger; A. Bossche; F.R. Riedijk; P.J. French;
    In {M. Bartek} (Ed.), Eurosensors XIII: proceedings [CD-ROM],
    Delft University of Technology, pp. 823-826, 1999.

  593. Initial pits for electrochemical etching in hydrofluoric acid
    H. Ohji; P.J. French; S. Izuo; K. Tsutsumi;
    In {M. Bartek} (Ed.), Eurosensors XIII: proceedings [CD-ROM],
    Delft University of Technology, pp. 1037-1040, 1999.

  594. Combination of epipoly and electropolishing for fabrication of accelerometers with large substrate separation gaps
    P.T.J. Gennissen; H. Ohji; P.J. French; C.M.A. Ashruf; G.M.O. O. Halloran; P.M. Sarro;
    In {M. Bartek} (Ed.), Eurosensors XIII: proceedings [CD-ROM],
    Delft University of Technology, pp. 1029-1032, 1999.

  595. Influence of the formation parameters on the humidity sensing characteristics of a capacitive humidity sensor based on porous silicon
    G.M.O. O. Halloran; W. van der Vlist; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    In Eurosensors XIII: proceedings,
    Delft University of Technology, pp. 117-120, 1999.

  596. Integration of MEMS devices
    P.J. French;
    In {NW Bergmann}; {O Reinhold}; {NC Tien} (Ed.), Electronics and structures for MEMS (Proceedings of SPIE 3891),
    International Society for Optical Engineering, pp. 39-48, 1999.

  597. A new contactless electrochemical etch stop based on a gold/silicon/TMAH galvanic cell
    C.M.A. Ashruf; P.J. French; P.M.M.C. Bressers; P.M. Sarro; J.J. Kelly;
    Sensors and Actuators A,
    Volume 66, Issue 1-3 (1998), pp. 284-292, 1998.

  598. Temperature dependence and drift of a thermal accelerometer
    U.A. Dauderstadt; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    Sensors & Actuators A,
    Volume 66, Issue 1-3, pp. 244-249, 1998.

  599. Electrochemical etch stop engineering for bulk micromachining
    C.M.A. Ashruf; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro; M.C. Bressers; J.J. Kelly;
    Mechatronics,
    Volume 8 (1998), pp. 595-612, 1998.

  600. Surface versus bulk micromachining: the contest for suitable applications
    P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    J. Micromech. Microeng.,
    Volume 8, pp. 45-53, 1998.

  601. Electrochemical etch stop engineering for bulk micromachining [ niet eerder opgevoerd ]
    C.M.A. Ashruf; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro; J.J. Kelly; PM.M.C. Bressers;
    Mechatronics,
    Volume 1998, Issue 8, pp. 595-612, 1998.

  602. Surface versus bulk micromachining: the contest for suitable applications Surface versus bulk micromachining: the contest for suitable applications
    P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering,
    Volume 8, Issue 2, pp. 45-53, 1998.

  603. Galvanic etching of silicon
    C.M.A. Ashruf; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro; J.J. Kelly;
    In Proc.SPIE Micromachining and Microfabrication 98 Symposium,
    Santa Clara, USA, SPIE, pp. 82-87, Sep. 1998.

  604. Integration Technology
    P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proc. SPIE Smart Electronics and MEMS Symposium,
    San Diego, USA, SPIE, pp. 60-71, Mar. 1998.

  605. Porous silicon membrane for humidity sensing applications
    G.M. O'Hallaran; J. Groeneweg; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    In Proc. Eurosensors XII Conf.,
    Southampton, UK, pp. 901-904, Sep. 1998.

  606. Thickness of membranes fabricated with galvanic etch-stop, uniformity and reproducibility
    E.L. Oemar; C.M.A. Ashruf; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proc. Eurosensors XII Conf.,
    Southampton, UK, pp. 3-6, Sep. 1998.

  607. Temperature dependence of a thermal accelerometer
    U.A. Dauderstadt; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    In Proc. Dutch Sensor Conf,
    Twente, pp. 55-60, Mar. 1998.

  608. Membrane fabrication with galvanic etch-stop cell
    C.M.A. Ashruf; E.L. Oemar; P.J. French; P.M. P.M. Sarro M.C. Bressers; J.J. Kelly;
    In Proc. Dutch Sensor Conf,
    Twente, pp. 139-142, Mar. 1998.

  609. Porous silicon membrane for humidity sensing applications [niet eerder opgevoerd]
    gmo O'Halloran; J. Groeneweg; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French;
    In proceedings,
    s.n., pp. 901-904, 1998.

  610. New silicon micromachining techniques for microsystems
    P.J. French; P.T.J. Gennissen; P.M. Sarro;
    Sensors and Actuators A: Physical,
    Volume 62, Issue 1-3, pp. 652-662, Jul. 1997.

  611. Dual structural polysilicon BiFET-compatible surface-micromachining module
    Drieenhuizen; B.P. van; J.F.L. Goosen; Y.X. Li; M. Bartek; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro; R.F. Wolffenbuttel;
    Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering,
    Volume 7, Issue 3, pp. 148-150, Sep. 1997.

  612. Optimization of a low stress silicon nitride process for surface micromachining applications
    P.J. French; P.M. Sarro; R. Mall?e; E.J.M. Fakkeldij; R.F. Wolffenbuttel;
    Sensors and Actuators A,
    Volume 58, pp. 149-157, 1997.

  613. Bipolar-compatible epitaxial poly for smart sensors: stress minimization and applications
    P.T.J. Gennissen; M. Bartek; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    Sensors and Actuators A,
    Volume 62, pp. 636-645, 1997.

  614. Strain effects in multilayers
    C.M.A. Ashruf; P.J. French; C. de Boer; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proc.SPIE Micromachining and Microfabrication '97 Symposium,
    Austin, Texas, USA, SPIE, pp. 149-159, Sep. 1997.

  615. Bulk micromachined pressure sensor based on epi-poly technique
    P.T.J. Gennissen; C.M.A. Ashruf; M. Kaak; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proc.SPIE Micromachining and Microfabrication '97 Symposium,
    Austin, Texas, USA, SPIE, pp. 212-219, Sep. 1997.

  616. Study of Selective and Non-Selective Deposition of Single- and Polycrystalline Silicon Layers in an Epitaxial Reactor
    M. Bartek; P.T.J. Gennissen; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro; R.F. Wolffenbuttel;
    In Proc. Transducers 97,
    Chicago, USA, pp. 1403-1406, Jun. 1997.

  617. Surface versus bulk micromachining: the contest for suitable applications
    P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proc. MME 97 Conf,
    Southampton, UK, pp. 18-30, Aug. 1997.

  618. Fabrication of micromechanical structures with a new electrodeless electrochemical etch stop
    C.M.A. Ashruf; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro; M. Nagao; M. Esashi;
    In Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Solid-State Transducers,
    Chicago, USA, pp. 703-706, Jun. 1997.

  619. A bulk micromachined humidity sensor based on porous silicon
    G.M. O'Hallaran; P.M. Sarro; J. Groeneweg; P.J. Trimp; P.J. French;
    In Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Solid-State Transducers,
    Chicago, USA, pp. 563-566, Jun. 1997.

  620. The development of a low-stress polysilicon process compatible with standard device processing
    P.J. French; B.P. van Drieenhuizen; D. Poenar; J.F.L. Goosen; R. Mallee; P.M. Sarro; R.F. Wolffenbuttel;
    Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems,
    Volume 5, Issue 3, pp. 187-196, 1996.

  621. Bipolar compatible epitaxial poly for surface micromachined smart sensors
    P.T.J. Gennissen; P.J. French; M. Bartek; P.M. Sarro; A. van den Boogaard; C. Visser;
    In Proc. SPIE Conference on Micromachining & Microfabrication, Process Technology II,
    Austin, USA, SPIE, pp. 135-142, Oct. 1996.

  622. New developments in the integration of micromachined sensors
    P.M. Sarro; P.J. French; P.T.J. Gennissen;
    In Proc. SPIE Micromachining and Microfabrication 1996 Symposium,
    Austin, Texas, USA, SPIE, pp. 26-36, Oct. 1996.

  623. Dual structural polysilicon BiFET-compatible surface-micromachining module
    B.P.van Drieenhuizen; J.F.L. Goosen; Y.X. Li; M. Bartek; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro; R.F. Wolffenbuttel;
    In Proc. MME 96,
    Barcelona, Spain, pp. 70-73, Oct. 1996.

  624. Bipolar compatible epitaxial poly for smart sensors - stress minimization and applications
    P.T.J. Gennissen; M. Bartek; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proc. Eurosensors X,
    Leuven, Belgium, pp. 187-190, Sep. 1996.

  625. IC-compatible silicon fusion bonding
    A. Berthold; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French; M.J. Vellekoop;
    In Proc. Eurosensors '96 Conf.,
    Leuven, Belgium, pp. 489-491, Sep. 1996.

  626. New micromachining techniques for microsystems
    P.J. French; P.T.J. Gennissen; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proc. Eurosensors '96 Conf.,
    Leuven, Belgium, pp. 465-472, Sep. 1996.

  627. Thick polysilicon microstructures by combination of epitaxial and poly growth in a single deposition step
    P.T.J. Gennissen; M. Bartek; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro;
    In Proc. 1996 National Sensor Conference,
    Delft, The Netherlands, pp. 189-192, Mar. 1996.

  628. New etchant for the fabrication of porous silicon
    G.M. O'Hallaran; M. Kuhl; P.M. Sarro; P.T.J. Gennissen; P.J. French;
    In Moustakas, Dismukes, Pearton) (Ed.), Proc. 189th Electrochemical Society Meeting: III-V Nitride Materials and Compounds,
    Los Angeles, California, USA, pp. 180-185, May 1996.

  629. Low-stress nitride as oxidation mask for submicrometre LOCOS isolation
    H.W. van Zeijl; L.K. Nanver; P.J. French;
    Electronics Letters,
    Volume 31, Issue 11, pp. 927-929, May 1995.

  630. Automatic etch stop on buried oxide using epitaxial lateral overgrowth
    P.T.J. Gennissen; M. Bartek; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro; R.F. Wolffenbuttel;
    In Transducers 95,
    Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 75-78, Jun. 1995.

  631. PSG layers for surface micromachining
    D. Poenar; P.J. French; R. Mall?e; P.M. Sarro; R.F. Wolffenbuttel;
    Sensors and Actuators A: Physical,
    Volume 41, Issue 1-3, pp. 304-309, Apr. 1994.

  632. An integrated silicon colour sensor using selective epitaxial growth
    M. Bartek; P.T.J. Gennissen; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French; R.F. Wolffenbuttel;
    Sensors and Actuators A,
    Volume 41, Issue 1-3, pp. 123-128, Apr. 1994.

  633. Reactive ion etching (RIE) techniques for micromachining applications
    Y.X. Li; M.R. Wolffenbuttel; P.J. French; M. Laros; P.M. Sarro; R.F. Wolffenbuttel;
    Sensors and Actuators A: Physical,
    Volume 41, Issue 1-3, pp. 317-323, Apr. 1994.

  634. Surface micromachined tuneable interferometer array
    K. Aratani; P.J. French; P.M. Sarro; D. Poenar; R.F. Wolffenbuttel; S. Middelhoek;
    Sensors and Actuators A: Physical,
    Volume 43, Issue 1-3, pp. 17-23, May 1994.

  635. A Novel Silicon Colour Sensor Using Selective Epitaxial Growth
    M. Bartek; P.T.J. Gennissen; E.J. Blaauw; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French; R.F. Wolffenbuttel;
    In Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Solid-State Sensors and Actuators (Transducers 93),
    Yokohama, Japan, pp. 144-147, Jun. 1993.

  636. Selective epitaxial growth for smart silicon sensor applications
    M. Bartek; P.T.J. Gennissen; P.M. Sarro; P.J. French; R.F. Wolffenbuttel;
    In Proc. Eurosensors VII,
    Budapest, Hungary, Sep. 1993.

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