dr. Kim

1. A 2000-volumes/s 3-D Ultrasound Probe With Monolithically-Integrated 23 $\times$ 23-mm2 4096-Element CMUT Array
   Rozsa, Nuriel N. M.; Chen, Zhao; Kim, Taehoon; Guo, Peng; Hopf, Yannick M.; Voorneveld, Jason; dos Santos, Djalma Simoes; Noothout, Emile; Chang, Zu-Yao; Chen, Chao; Henneken, Vincent A.; de Jong, Nico; Vos, Hendrik J.; Bosch, Johan G.; Verweij, Martin D.; Pertijs, Michiel A. P.;
   IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,
   pp. 1--14, 2025. early access. DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2025.3534087
   
   Abstract: ...

   This article presents a 4096-element ultrasound probe for high volume-rate (HVR) cardiovascular imaging. The probe consists of two application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), each of which interfaces with a 2048-element monolithically-integrated capacitive micro-machined ultrasound transducer (CMUT) array. The probe can image a 60∘ × 60∘ × 10-cm volume at 2000 volumes/s, the highest volume-rate with in-probe channel-count reduction reported to date. It uses 2 × 2 delay-and-sum micro-beamforming (μBF) and 2× time-division multiplexing (TDM) to achieve an 8× receive (RX) channel-count reduction. Equalization, trained using a pseudorandom bit-sequence generated on the chip, reduces TDM-induced crosstalk by 10 dB, enabling power-efficient scaling of the cable drivers. The ASICs also implement a novel transmit (TX) beamformer (BF) that operates as a programmable digital pipeline, which enables steering of arbitrary pulse-density modulated (PDM) waveforms. The TX BF drives element-level 65 V unipolar pulsers, which in turn drive the CMUT array. Both the TX BF and RX μBF are programmed with shift-registers (SRs) that can either be programmed in a row-column fashion for fast upload times, or daisy-chain fashion for a higher flexibility. The layout of the ASICs is matched to the 365-μm-pitch monolithically-integrated CMUT array. While operating, the RX and logic power consumption per element is 0.85 and 0.10 mW, respectively. TX power consumption is highly waveform dependent, but is nominally 0.34 mW. Compared to the prior art, the probe has the highest volume rate, and features among the largest imaging arrays (both in terms of element-count and aperture) with a high flexibility in defining the TX waveform. These properties make it a suitable option for applications requiring HVR imaging of a large region of interest.

2. A 2000-Volumes/s 3D Ultrasound Imaging Chip with Monolithically-Integrated 11.7x23.4mm² 2048-Element CMUT Array and Arbitrary-Wave TX Beamformer
   Nuriel M. Rozsa; Zhao Chen; Taehoon Kim; Peng Guo; Yannick Hopf; Jason Voorneveld; Djalma Simoes dos Santos; Emile Noothout; Zu-Yao Chang; Chao Chen; Vincent A. Henneken; Nico de Jong; Hendrik J. Vos; Johan G. Bosch; Martin D. Verweij; Michiel A. P. Pertijs;
   In Dig. Techn. Paper IEEE Symposium on VLSI Circuits (VLSI),
   IEEE, pp. 1--2, June 2024. DOI: 10.1109/VLSITechnologyandCir46783.2024.10631363

3. A 3D Ultrasound Probe with Monolithically-Integrated 4096-Element CMUT Array Imaging 60° x 60° x 10cm at 2000 Volumes/s
   Nuriel N. M. Rozsa; Zhao Chen; Taehoon Kim; Peng Guo; Yannick Hopf; Jason Voorneveld; Djalma Simoes dos Santos; Emile Noothout; Zu-Yao Chang; Chao Chen; Vincent A. Henneken; Nico de Jong; Hendrik J. Vos; Johan G. Bosch; Martin D. Verweij; Michiel A. P. Pertijs;
   In Annual Workshop on Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing (ProRISC),
   July 2024.

4. A 3D Ultrasound Probe with Monolithically-Integrated 4096-Element CMUT Array Imaging 60° x 60° x 10cm at 2000 Volumes/s
   Nuriel N. M. Rozsa; Zhao Chen; Taehoon Kim; Peng Guo; Yannick Hopf; Jason Voorneveld; Djalma Simoes dos Santos; Emile Noothout; Zu-Yao Chang; Chao Chen; Vincent A. Henneken; Nico de Jong; Hendrik J. Vos; Johan G. Bosch; Martin D. Verweij; Michiel A. P. Pertijs;
   In Proc. IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS),
   IEEE, September 2024. abstract, Best Student Paper Award.

5. Large Matrix array aperture for 3D vascular imaging capture
   Q. Colas; C. Bantignies; M. Perroteau; N. Porcher; S. Vassal; B. Guérif; T. Kim; J. G. Bosch; N. de Jong; M. D. Verweij; M. A. P. Pertijs; G. Férin; M. Flesch;
   In Smart Systems Integration Conference,
   2023. abstract.

6. A Tiled Ultrasound Matrix Transducer for Volumetric Imaging of the Carotid Artery
   dos Santos, Djalma Simões; Fool, Fabian; Mozaffarzadeh, Moein; Shabanimotlagh, Maysam; Noothout, Emile; Kim, Taehoon; Rozsa, Nuriel; Vos, Hendrik J.; Bosch, Johan G.; Pertijs, Michiel A. P.; Verweij, Martin D.; de Jong, Nico;
   Sensors,
   Volume 22, Issue 24, pp. 1--23, 2022. DOI: 10.3390/s22249799
   
   Abstract: ...

   High frame rate three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound imaging would offer excellent possibilities for the accurate assessment of carotid artery diseases. This calls for a matrix transducer with a large aperture and a vast number of elements. Such a matrix transducer should be interfaced with an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for channel reduction. However, the fabrication of such a transducer integrated with one very large ASIC is very challenging and expensive. In this study, we develop a prototype matrix transducer mounted on top of multiple identical ASICs in a tiled configuration. The matrix was designed to have 7680 piezoelectric elements with a pitch of 300 μm × 150 μm integrated with an array of 8 × 1 tiled ASICs. The performance of the prototype is characterized by a series of measurements. The transducer exhibits a uniform behavior with the majority of the elements working within the −6 dB sensitivity range. In transmit, the individual elements show a center frequency of 7.5 MHz, a −6 dB bandwidth of 45%, and a transmit efficiency of 30 Pa/V at 200 mm. In receive, the dynamic range is 81 dB, and the minimum detectable pressure is 60 Pa per element. To demonstrate the imaging capabilities, we acquired 3D images using a commercial wire phantom.
   
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7. Large Matrix array aperture for 3D vascular imaging capture
   Q. Colas; C. Bantignies; M. Perroteau; N. Porcher; S. Vassal; B. Guérif; T. Kim; J. G. Bosch; N. de Jong; M. D. Verweij; M. A. P. Pertijs; G. Férin; M. Flesch;
   In Proc. IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS),
   2022.

8. Automated Characterization of Matrix Transducer Arrays using the Verasonics Imaging System
   Djalma Simoes dos Santos; Fabian Fool; Taehoon Kim; Emile Noothout; Nuriel Rozsa; Hendrik J. Vos; Johan G. Bosch; Michiel A. P. Pertijs; Martin D. Verweij; Nico de Jong;
   In Proc. IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS),
   2022.

9. Automated Characterization of Matrix Transducer Arrays using the Verasonics Imaging System
   Djalma Simoes dos Santos; Fabian Fool; Taehoon Kim; Emile Noothout; Nuriel Rozsa; Hendrik J. Vos; Johan G. Bosch; Michiel A. P. Pertijs; Martin D. Verweij; Nico de Jong;
   In Proc. IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS),
   2022.

10. Design of an Ultrasound Transceiver ASIC with a Switching-Artifact Reduction Technique for 3-D Carotid Artery Imaging
    T. Kim; F. Fool; D. Simoes dos Santos; Z. Y. Chang; E. Noothout; H. J. Vos; J. G. Bosch; M. D. Verweij; N. de Jong; M. A. P. Pertijs;
    Sensors,
    Volume 21, Issue 1, pp. 150, January 2021. DOI: 10.3390/s21010150
    
    Abstract: ...

    This paper presents an ultrasound transceiver application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) directly integrated with an array of 12 × 80 piezoelectric transducer elements to enable next-generation ultrasound probes for 3D carotid artery imaging. The ASIC, implemented in a 0.18 µm high-voltage Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (HV BCD) process, adopted a programmable switch matrix that allowed selected transducer elements in each row to be connected to a transmit and receive channel of an imaging system. This made the probe operate like an electronically translatable linear array, allowing large-aperture matrix arrays to be interfaced with a manageable number of system channels. This paper presents a second-generation ASIC that employed an improved switch design to minimize clock feedthrough and charge-injection effects of high-voltage metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (HV MOSFETs), which in the first-generation ASIC caused parasitic transmissions and associated imaging artifacts. The proposed switch controller, implemented with cascaded non-overlapping clock generators, generated control signals with improved timing to mitigate the effects of these non-idealities. Both simulation results and electrical measurements showed a 20 dB reduction of the switching artifacts. In addition, an acoustic pulse-echo measurement successfully demonstrated a 20 dB reduction of imaging artifacts.
    
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11. Sub-Orbital Flight Demonstration of a 183/540–600 GHz Hybrid CMOS-InP and CMOS-Schottky-MEMS Limb-Sounder
    A. Tang; M. M. Alonso-delPino; Y. Kim; Y. Zhang; T. Reck; C. Jung-Kubiak; D. Nemchick; L. Dyer; G. Virbila; G. Chattopadhyay; M.-C.F. Chang;
    IEEE Journal of Microwaves,
    Volume 1, Issue 2, pp. 560-573, 2021. DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2021.3060622
    document

12. Magnetic microgels and nanogels: Physical mechanisms and biomedical applications
    Sung, Baeckkyoung; Kim, Min-Ho; Abelmann, Leon;
    Bioengineering and Translational Medicine,
    Volume 6, Issue 1, 2021. All Open Access, Gold Open Access, Green Open Access. DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10190
    
    Keywords: ...

    Gels; Gene therapy; Hybrid materials; Hydrogels; Magnetism; Medical applications; Nanostructured materials; Physicochemical properties; Structural design; catalase; chitosan; collagen; diclofenac; doxorubicin; fluorouracil; gadolinium; graphene; graphene oxide; hyaluronic acid; hydrogel; macrogol; magnetic microgel; magnetic nanoparticle; methotrexate; microgel (material); nanocomposite; nanogel; nanomaterial; nanoparticle; polymer; polyvinyl alcohol; reactive oxygen metabolite; superoxide dismutase; unclassified drug; Anticancer treatment; Biological environments; Biomedical applications; Engineering principles; Inorganic nanoparticle; Micro and nanostructures; Multifunctional composites; Physico-chemical mechanisms; biocatalysis; biodegradability; biomanipulation; biomedicine; bioseparation; cancer chemotherapy; cancer gene therapy; cancer therapy; crystal structure; decellularization; drug delivery system; drug diffusion; electrospinning; encapsulation; entropy; enzyme immobilization; exosome; fluorescence microscopy; gene therapy; hydrogen bond; hydrophobicity; hysteresis; magnetic field; microfluidics; nanofabrication; nanomedicine; personalized medicine; photodynamic therapy; photoluminescence; photothermal therapy; polymerization; regenerative medicine; Review; tissue engineering; tissue regeneration; Magnetic nanoparticles.
    
    
    Abstract: ...

    Soft micro- and nanostructures have been extensively developed for biomedical applications. The main focus has been on multifunctional composite materials that combine the advantages of hydrogels and colloidal particles. Magnetic microgels and nanogels can be realized by hybridizing stimuli-sensitive gels and magnetic nanoparticles. They are of particular interest since they can be controlled in a wide range of biological environments by using magnetic fields. In this review, we elucidate physical principles underlying the design of magnetic microgels and nanogels for biomedical applications. Particularly, this article provides a comprehensive and conceptual overview on the correlative structural design and physical functionality of the magnetic gel systems under the concept of colloidal biodevices. To this end, we begin with an overview of physicochemical mechanisms related to stimuli-responsive hydrogels and transport phenomena and summarize the magnetic properties of inorganic nanoparticles. On the basis of the engineering principles, we categorize and summarize recent advances in magnetic hybrid microgels and nanogels, with emphasis on the biomedical applications of these materials. Potential applications of these hybrid microgels and nanogels in anticancer treatment, protein therapeutics, gene therapy, bioseparation, biocatalysis, and regenerative medicine are highlighted. Finally, current challenges and future opportunities in the design of smart colloidal biodevices are discussed. © 2020 The Authors. Bioengineering & Translational Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
    
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13. 3D Printing for Microgel-Based Liver Cell Encapsulation
    O'Connor, Jonathan S.; Kim, Heesoo; Gwag, Eunheui; Abelmann, Leon; Sung, Baeckkyoung; Manz, Andreas;
    conference, 2021. All Open Access, Green Open Access. DOI: 10.1109/MEMS51782.2021.9375385
    
    Keywords: ...

    Cell culture; Cooling systems; Drops; Gels; MEMS; Surface active agents; Channel temperature; Gelatin microgels; HepG2 cell line; High throughput; Human liver cells; Micro-fluidic devices; Rectangular channel; Surfactant-free; 3D printers.
    
    
    Abstract: ...

    In this work, we describe the rapid prototyping of a microfluidic device for the surfactant free encapsulation of human liver cells (HepG2 cell line) in gelatin microgels, for the purpose of 3D tissue mimics in high-throughput cytotoxicity screening. Chips with rectangular channels of approximately 260 μm high by 350 μm wide produced a droplet size of 130±12 μm at a rate of 7.9±0.6 drops per second. Integrated water heating and cooling systems were efficient at regulating channel temperature, preventing the coalescence of droplets within the device without any need for surfactants. HepG2 cell viability two hours after microgel generation was 96.5%. © 2021 IEEE.
    
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14. Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Subdicing on an Ultrasound Matrix Transducer
    D. Simoes dos Santos; F. Fool; T. Kim; E. Noothout; H. J. Vos; J. G. Bosch; M. A. P. Pertijs; M. D. Verweij; N. de Jong;
    In Proc. IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS),
    September 2021. DOI: 10.1109/ius52206.2021.9593315
    
    Abstract: ...

    Over the past decades, real-time three-dimensional (3D) medical ultrasound has attracted much attention since it enables clinicians to diagnose more accurately. This calls for ultrasound matrix transducers with a large number of elements, which can be interfaced with an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for data reduction. An important aspect of the design of such a transducer is the geometry of each element, since it affects the mode of vibration and, consequently, the efficiency of the transducer. In this paper, we experimentally investigate the effect of subdicing on a piezoelectric (PZT) transducer. We fabricate and acoustically characterize a prototype PZT matrix transducer built on top of ASICs. The prototype transducer contains subdiced and non-subdiced elements, whose performance can be directly compared under the same conditions. Measurement results show that subdiced elements have a better performance compared to non-subdiced ones. Subdicing increases the peak pressure by 25%, raises the bandwidth by 10% and reduces the ringing time by 25%.

15. A Scalable Cryo-CMOS Controller for the Wideband Frequency-Multiplexed Control of Spin Qubits and Transmons
    Van Dijk, Jeroen Petrus Gerardus; Patra, Bishnu; Subramanian, Sushil; Xue, Xiao; Samkharadze, Nodar; Corna, Andrea; Jeon, Charles; Sheikh, Farhana; Juarez-Hernandez, Esdras; Esparza, Brando Perez; Rampurawala, Huzaifa; Carlton, Brent R.; Ravikumar, Surej; Nieva, Carlos; Kim, Sungwon; Lee, Hyung-Jin; Sammak, Amir; Scappucci, Giordano; Veldhorst, Menno; Vandersypen, Lieven M. K.; Charbon, Edoardo; Pellerano, Stefano; Babaie, Masoud; Sebasti;
    IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,
    Volume 55, Issue 11, pp. 2930-2946, 2020. DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2020.3024678

16. Inhomogeneous nematic-isotropic phase transition of a thermotropic liquid crystal doped with iron oxide nanoparticles
    Sung, Baeckkyoung; Yan, Huan; Kim, Chanjoong; Abelmann, Leon;
    Physics Letters, Section A: General, Atomic and Solid State Physics,
    Volume 384, Issue 36, 2020. All Open Access, Green Open Access. DOI: 10.1016/j.physleta.2020.126927
    
    Keywords: ...

    Aggregates; Crystal structure; Glass transition; High resolution transmission electron microscopy; Iron metallography; Magnetic nanoparticles; Metal nanoparticles; Nematic liquid crystals; Textures; Thermotropic liquid crystals; Aggregated structure; Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy; Iron oxide nanoparticle; Local distributions; Local heterogeneity; Nematic isotropic phase transition; Nematic-isotropic; Polarized microscopy; Iron oxides.
    
    
    Abstract: ...

    We elucidate the local distribution and aggregated structure of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs; 6 nm in diameter) doped in the matrix of a nematic liquid crystal (LC), 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl, utilizing in situ cryogenic transmission electron microscopy and polarized light microscopy. We show that tens of IONPs aggregate into a sphere-like morphology, and the aggregates combine into elongated clusters with a length of hundreds of nm. With the IONP-doped LC matrix confined to a thin glass cell, we study the nematic-isotropic (N-I) phase transition, and suggest that local heterogeneity of LC textures as seen in polarized microscopy is caused by the existence of IONP aggregate clusters. These clusters act also as nuclei for the formation of isotropic domains upon heating. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
    
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17. A 12×80 Element Ultrasound Transceiver ASIC With Enhanced Charge Injection Performance for 3-D Carotid Artery Imaging
    T. Kim; F. Fool; E. Kang; Z. Y. Chang; E. Noothout; J. G. Bosch; M. D. Verweij; N. de Jong; M. Pertijs;
    In Proc. IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS),
    September 2020. abstract.

18. 3D High Frame Rate Imaging Scheme for Ultrasound Carotid Imaging
    M. Soozande; M. Mozzaffarzadeh; F. Fool; T. Kim; E. Kang; M. Pertijs; M. Verweij; H. J. Vos; J. G. Bosch; N. de Jong;
    In Proc. IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS),
    September 2020. abstract.

19. 19.1 A Scalable Cryo-CMOS 2-to-20GHz Digitally Intensive Controller for 4×32 Frequency Multiplexed Spin Qubits/Transmons in 22nm FinFET Technology for Quantum Computers
    Patra, Bishnu; van Dijk, Jeroen P. G.; Subramanian, Sushil; Corna, Andrea; Xue, Xiao; Jeon, Charles; Sheikh, Farhana; Juarez-Hernandez, Esdras; Esparza, Brando Perez; Rampurawala, Huzaifa; Carlton, Brent; Samkharadze, Nodar; Ravikumar, Surej; Nieva, Carlos; Kim, Sungwon; Lee, Hyung-Jin; Sammak, Amir; Scappucci, Giordano; Veldhorst, Menno; Vandersypen, Lieven M. K.; Babaie, Masoud; Sebastiano, Fabio; Charbon, Edoardo; Pellerano, Stefano;
    In 2020 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference - (ISSCC),
    pp. 304-306, 2020. DOI: 10.1109/ISSCC19947.2020.9063109

20. A 5800 μm2 Resistor-based Temperature Sensor with a one-point Trimmed 3σ Inaccuracy of ±1.1 °C from −50 to 105 °C in 65 nm CMOS
    Y-T Lee; W. Choi; T. Kim; S. Song; K. Makinwa; Y. Chae;
    IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters,
    Volume 2, pp. 67-70, 10 2019. DOI: 10.1109/LSSC.2019.2937441
    
    Abstract: ...

    This letter describes a compact resistor-based temperature sensor intended for the thermal monitoring of microprocessors and DRAMs. It consists of an RC poly phase filter (PPF) that is read out by a frequency-locked loop (FLL) based on a dual zero-crossing (ZC) detection scheme. The sensor, fabricated in 65-nm CMOS, occupies 5800 μm 2 and achieves moderate accuracy [±1.2 °C (3σ)] over a wide temperature range (-50 °C to 105 °C) after a one-point trim. This is 2x better than the previous compact resistor-based sensors. Operating from 0.85 to 1.3-V supplies, it consumes 32.5-μA and achieves 2.8-mK resolution in a 1-ms conversion time, which corresponds to a resolution FoM of 0.26 pJ·K 2.

21. 3D high frame rate flow measurement using a prototype matrix transducer for carotid imaging
    F. Fool; H. J. Vos; M. Shabanimotlagh; T. Kim; E. Kang; M. Pertijs; N. de Jong; M. D. Verweij;
    In Proc. IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS),
    IEEE, pp. 1-4, October 2019.

22. A 5800 μm2 Resistor-based Temperature Sensor with a one-point Trimmed 3σ Inaccuracy of ±1.1 °C from −50 to 105 °C in 65 nm CMOS
    Y-T Lee; W. Choi; T. Kim; S. Song; K. Makinwa; Y. Chae;
    In Proc. European Solid-State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC),
    9 2019. DOI: 10.1109/ESSCIRC.2019.8902650

23. Demonstration of a 180 GHZ Full CMOS Spectrally Dispersed Heterodyne Radiometer with InP Lna for Remote Sensing
    D. J. Nemchick; B. Drouin; A. Tang; Y. Kim; T. J. Reck; M. Alonso-delPino; G. Chattopadhyay; Y. Zhang; M.C. Frank Chang;
    In 74th International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy,
    June 17-21 2019.

24. A 5800 μm2 Resistor-based Temperature Sensor with a one-point Trimmed 3σ Inaccuracy of ±1.1 °C from −50 to 105 °C in 65 nm CMOS
    Y-T Lee; W. Choi; T. Kim; S. Song; K. Makinwa; Y. Chae;
    In Proc. European Solid-State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC),
    pp. 68-71, 9 2019. DOI: 10.1109/ESSCIRC.2019.8902650

25. A Compact Resistor-Based CMOS Temperature Sensor With an Inaccuracy of 0.12 °C (3σ) and a Resolution FoM of 0.43 pJ⋅K^2 in 65-nm CMOS
    W. Choi; Y. Lee; S. Kim; S. Lee; J. Jang; J. Chun; K. A. A. Makinwa; Y. Chae;
    IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,
    Volume 53, Issue 12, pp. 3356-3367, 12 2018. DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2018.2871622
    
    Abstract: ...

    This paper presents a compact resistor-based CMOS temperature sensor intended for dense thermal monitoring. It is based on an RC poly-phase filter (PPF), whose temperature-dependent phase shift is read out by a frequency-locked loop (FLL). The PPF's phase shift is determined by a zero-crossing (ZC) detector, allowing the rest of the FLL to be realized in an area-efficient manner. Implemented in a 65-nm CMOS technology, the sensor occupies only 7000 μm². It can operate from supply voltages as low as 0.85 V and consumes 68 μW. A sensor based on a PPF made from silicided p-poly resistors and metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors achieves an inaccuracy of ±0.12 °C (3σ) from -40 °C to 85 °C and a resolution of 2.5 mK (rms) in a 1-ms conversion time. This corresponds to a resolution figure-of-merit (FoM) of 0.43 pJ·K².

26. A Ku-Band CMOS FMCW Radar Transceiver for Snowpack Remote Sensing
    Y. Kim; T.J. Reck; M. Alonso-delPino; T.H. Painter; H.P. Marshall; E.H. Bair; J. Dozier; G. Chattopadhyay; K.N. Liou; M.C.F. Chang; A. Tang;
    IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,
    Volume 66, Issue 5, pp. 2480-2494, May 2018.
    document

27. A Compact Resistor-Based CMOS Temperature Sensor With an Inaccuracy of 0.12 °C (3σ) and a Resolution FoM of 0.43 pJ⋅K^2 in 65-nm CMOS
    W. Choi; Y. Lee; S. Kim; S. Lee; J. Jang; J. Chun; K. A. A. Makinwa; Y. Chae;
    IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,
    Volume 53, Issue 12, pp. 3356-3367, 12 2018. DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2018.2871622
    
    Abstract: ...

    This paper presents a compact resistor-based CMOS temperature sensor intended for dense thermal monitoring. It is based on an RC poly-phase filter (PPF), whose temperature-dependent phase shift is read out by a frequency-locked loop (FLL). The PPF's phase shift is determined by a zero-crossing (ZC) detector, allowing the rest of the FLL to be realized in an area-efficient manner. Implemented in a 65-nm CMOS technology, the sensor occupies only 7000 μm². It can operate from supply voltages as low as 0.85 V and consumes 68 μW. A sensor based on a PPF made from silicided p-poly resistors and metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors achieves an inaccuracy of ±0.12 °C (3σ) from -40 °C to 85 °C and a resolution of 2.5 mK (rms) in a 1-ms conversion time. This corresponds to a resolution figure-of-merit (FoM) of 0.43 pJ·K².

28. A 0.53pJK2 7000μm2 resistor-based temperature sensor with an inaccuracy of ±0.35°C (3σ) in 65nm CMOS
    W. Choi; Y.T. Lee; S. Kim; S. Lee; J. Jang; J. Chun; K.A.A. Makinwa; Y. Chae;
    In Dig. Techn. Papers IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC),
    pp. 322-324, 2 2018. DOI: 10.1109/ISSCC.2018.8310314

29. A 0.53pJK2 7000μm2 resistor-based temperature sensor with an inaccuracy of ±0.35°C (3σ) in 65nm CMOS
    W. Choi; Y.T. Lee; S. Kim; S. Lee; J. Jang; J. Chun; K.A.A. Makinwa; Y. Chae;
    In Dig. Techn. Papers IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC),
    pp. 322-324, 2 2018. DOI: 10.1109/ISSCC.2018.8310314

30. Software-Defined, WiFi and BLE Compliant Back-Channel for Ultra-Low Power Wireless Communication
    Huajun Zhang; David D. Wentzloff; Hun Seok Kim;
    In 2016 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM),
    IEEE, December 2016. DOI: 10.1109/glocom.2016.7842275
    document

31. A 0.02mm2 Embedded Temperature Sensor with ±2°C Inaccuracy for Self-Refresh Control in 25nm Mobile DRAM
    Y.Y. Kim; W. Choi; J. Kim; S. Lee; S Lee; H. Kim; K.A.A. Makinwa; Y. Chae; TW Kim;
    In W Pribyl; F Dielacher; G Hueber (Ed.), Proc. European Solid-State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC),
    IEEE, pp. 267-270, 2015.

32. A 60nV/Hz 15-channel digital active electrode system for portable biopotential signal acquisition
    J. Xu; B. Busze; H. Kim; K.A.A. Makinwa; C. van Hoof; R.F. Yazicioglu;
    In LC Fujino; J Anderson; D Dunwell; V Gaudet; G Gulak; J Haslett; S Mirabbasi; K Pagiamtzis; KC. Smith (Ed.), Digest of Technical papers - 2014 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference,
    IEEE, pp. 424-425, 2014. Harvest Session 24. Integrated Biomedical Systems 24.7.

33. Hybrid Polymer Microlens Arrays with High Numerical Apertures Fabricated Using Simple Ink-Jet Printing Technique
    J.Y. Kim; N.B. Brauer; V. Fakhfouri; D.L. Boiko andE. Charbon; G. Grutzner; J. Brugger;
    OSA Optical Materials Express,
    Volume 1, Issue 2, pp. 259-269, May 2011.
    document

34. On the Mechanisms Governing Aluminum-Mediated Solid-Phase Epitaxy of Silicon
    Y. Civale; G. Vastola; L.K. Nanver; R. Mary-Joy; J.R. Kim;
    Journal of electronic materials,
    Volume 38, Issue 10, pp. 2052-2062, 2009.

35. Smart CMOS image sensor with high SBR and subpixel resolution for light-selection-based range finding
    J. Cheon; Y. Chae; D. Kim; S. Lim; I. Lee; K. Lee; D.J. Kim; G. Han;
    IEEE Electron Device Letters,
    Volume 56, Issue 11, pp. 2546-2555, 2009.

36. A low-distortion, low-loss varactor phase-shifter based on a silicon-on-glass technology
    Kim, S.; Qureshi, J.H.; Buisman, K.; Larson, L.E.; de Vreede, L.C.N.;
    In 2008 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium,
    pp. 175-178, 2008. DOI: 10.1109/RFIC.2008.4561412

37. A Low-Loss Compact Linear Varactor Based Phase-Shifter
    J. H. Qureshi; S. Kim; K. Buisman; C. Huang; M. J. Pelk; A. Akhnoukh; L. E. Larson; L. K. Nanver; L. C. N. de Vreede;
    In Proc. IEEE RFIC (Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits) Symposium,
    Honolulu, Hawaii,USA, pp. 453-456, Jun. 2007.

38. Field emission as transducer for sub-micron and nano resonators
    C.K. Yang; P.J. French; EW.J.M. van der Drift; J.R. Kim; P. Hadley;
    In S. Lee; M Esashi (Ed.), Proceedings of the 5th IEEE Conference on Sensors 2006,
    IEEE, pp. 1207-1210, 2007.

39. A Low-Loss Compact Linear Varactor Based Phase-Shifter
    Qureshi, J.H.; Kim, S.; Buisman, K.; Huang, C.; Pelk, M. J.; Akhnoukh, A.; Larson, L.E.; Nanver, L. K.; de Vreede, L.C.N.;
    In 2007 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium,
    pp. 453-456, 2007. DOI: 10.1109/RFIC.2007.380922

40. Photoelectric device using PN diode and silicon integrated circuits (IC) comprising the smae photoelectric device
    B. Mheen; J. U-park; G. Ok Kim; Y. An im; H. Su kim;
    2007.

41. Optical device including gate insulator with modulated thickness
    H. Su kim; B. Mheen; G. Ok Kim;
    2007.

42. Characteristics of AlN/Ni(111) heterostructures and their application to epitaxial growth of GaN
    T.W. Kim; N. Matsuki; J. Ohta; H. Fujioka;
    Jpn. J. Appl. Phys,
    Volume 45, Issue 14, pp. L396-L398, Mar. 2006.

43. Epitaxial growth of AlN on Cu(111) substrates using pulsed laser deposition
    S. Inoue; K. Okamoto; N. Matsuki; T.W. Kim; H. Fujioka;
    J. Cryst. Growth,
    Volume 289, Issue 2, pp. 574-577, Apr. 2006.

44. Epitaxial growth of AlN on single-crystal Ni(111) substrates
    T.W. Kim; N. Matsuki���; J. Ohta; H. Fujioka;
    Appl. Phys. Lett,
    Volume 88, Issue 12, Mar. 2006.

45. Characteristics of single-crystal AlN films grown on ferromagnetic metal substrates
    K. Okamoto; S. Inoue; N. Matsuki; T.-W. Kim; H. Fujioka; M. Oshima;
    Phys. Stat. Sol. (a),
    Volume 202, Issue 14, pp. R149-R151, Nov. 2005.

46. Heteroepitaxitial growth of gallium nitride on muscovite mica plates by pulsed laser depo
    N. Matsuki; T.-W. Kim; J. Ohta; H. Fujioka;
    Solid State Commun,
    Volume 136, Issue 6, pp. 338-341, Nov. 2005.

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